Class 12 English Notes and Solutions ~ Creative English Solution

Part – One

GRAMMAR SECTION

Unit – 1

Experience

1. Continue the remark below in three different ways, as in the examples:

Example:

I can not get to sleep.

· This is the first time I've ever slept in a tent.

· I've never flown at night before.

· I'm not used to having siestas.

(Hint: This is the first time + sub + has / have V³ + obj)

Sub + have/has + never+ v3 + . . . + before

Sub + is/am/are + not + used to +-ing.

(a) My feet are killing me.

Ans: This is the first time I've ever walked in such a long distance.

I've never climbed so long ladder before.

I'm not used to walking in a rocky road.

(b) God, this is embarrassing.

Ans: This is the first time I've ever urinated (lk;fa k]mg'{) in my pant.

I've never failed the exam before.

I'm not used to asking for money.

(c) Do you think you could slow down a little?

Ans: This is the first time I've ever ridden in a speedy bus.

I've never traveled on bike so fast with my boy friend before.

I'm not used to running with my father so fast.

(d) She is feeling terribly nervous.

Ans: This is the first time she has ever delivered speech in front of mass

She has never talked to college principal unsuccessful before.

She is not used to speaking in the public gathering.

(e) Hold my hand, will you?

Ans: This is the first time I've ever crossed the river alone.

I've never crossed the suspension bridge before.

I'am not used to going from Zebra crossing.

(f) He's absolutely delighted.

Ans: This is the first time he's ever got the lottery.

He's never visited Agra.

He's not used to getting any prizes in his life.

(g) I hope they get there all right.

Ans: This is the first time they have ever gone home alone

They have never set out from home alone before.

They're not used to going away from home alone.

2. Look at the example, and write similar conversation between 'A¹ and 'B¹. Formula:

A: Have you ever been +v3+...?

Have you ever had your +noun+v3+....?

B: No I haven't, but I have been/had ... + event.

Example:

1. Fine/for a parking offence? (Speeding)

A: Have you ever been fined for a parking offence?

B: No, I haven't, but I have been fined for speeding. They caught me doing 120 miles per hour on the motor way.

2. Steal/wallet? (Umbrella)

A: Have you ever had your wallet stolen?

B: No I haven't, but I have had my umbrella stolen. Some one took it when I was going nearby the New Road last Sunday.

3. Trap/in a lift? (Toilet)

A: Have you ever been trapped in a lift?

B: No, I haven't, but I have been trapped in a toilet.

Some one locked the door from outside when I was in the toilet this morning.

4. X-ray/chest? (Teeth)

A. Have you ever had your chest x-rayed?

B: No, I haven't, but I have had my teeth filled.

A dentist filled my upper teeth last month

5. Throw/out of class? (Library)

A: Have you ever been thrown out of the class?

B: No, I haven't, but I have been thrown out of the library. They pushed me out of the library when I was reading newspaper very loudly.

6. Mistake/for a rock star? (TV actor/actress)

A: Have you ever been mistaken for a rock star?

B: No I haven't, but I have been mistaken for a TV actor. Someone wanted to take my autograph when I was talking with news reader in one of the function in Nepal Tourism Board.

3. Look at the example, and write about the other topics in the same way. Example:

1. Mean people.

Ans: The meanest person I have ever met was Jack Davies. He used to walk everywhere rather than pay for the bus.

2. Frightening experiences.

Ans: The most frightening experience I have ever had was about the ghost film. I got shocked throughout the show.

3. Stupid mistakes.

Ans: The most stupid mistake I have ever made was not to take my car license. I was nearly trapped by the Traffic police.

4. Uncomfortable beds

Ans: The most uncomfortable bed I have ever slept in was at Rapti Guest House. Mosquitoes and bugs troubled me the whole night.

5. Boring jobs

Ans: The most boring job I have ever had was at a private Company. I had to work very hard but I got very low salary.

6. Funny films.

Ans: The funniest film I have ever seen was Hangama.

4. Continue the remarks below with a sentence using (not) used to +ing, (sub + is/am/are + not_ used to +v4+obj) Example:

Hint: Sub +is/am/are + used to + v4 . . . (for active)

Sub +is/am/are +used to+being+v3 . . . (passive)

Sub+is/am/are+used to+having + possessive pronoun + noun + v³ . . .

(a) The traffic doesn't wake him up at night.

Ans: He's used to sleeping in the footpath.

(b) He's going to find it hard work working on a building site.

Ans: He's not used to working on building sites before.

(c) She was quite surprised when I gave her some flowers.

Ans: She is used to forgetting her birth day.

(d) He won't mind if you stare at him.

Ans: He is used to being stared at.

(e) I get a bit lonely sometimes, now that she has gone.

Ans: I am not used to living alone.

(f) It's quite hard work doing all my own washing and cleaning.

Ans: I am not used to washing and cleaning.

(f) I don't think she has ever opened a door herself.

Ans: She is not used to opening the door by herself.

(h) You can bring as many friends as you like home to dinner.

Ans: I am used to entertaining more guests.

(i) I'm not surprised he is out of breath.

Ans: He's not used to climbing the hill.

(j) Oh dear. I've got a stomach-ache.

Ans: I'm not used to eating spicy food.

5. Express each of the sentences below in two other ways:

Example:

(a) I have only visited Britain once before.

Ans: (i) This is only my second visit to Britain.

(ii) This is only the second time I've visited Britain.

(b) This is my first night in a 5-star hotel.

Ans: (i) I've never slept in a 5-star hotel before.

(ii) This is only the first time I've ever slept in a 5-star hotel.

(c) This is his third stretch in prison.

Ans: (i) He has been imprisoned twice before.

(ii) This is only the third time he has been imprisoned.

(d) This is the first time I have worked in a travel agent's.

Ans: (i) I've never worked in a travel agent's before.

(ii) This is only my first job in a travel agent's.

(e) I've flown in Concorde four times before.

Ans: (i) This is my fifth flight in Concorde.

(ii) This is only the fifth time I have flown in Concorde.

(f) This is only my third attack of flu.

Ans: (i) I have had flu twice before.

(ii) This is only the third time I have had flu.

6. Rewrite these sentences, beginning with the words given, so that they mean the same.

(a) Has anyone ever shouted at you?

Ans: Have you ever been shouted at?

(b) He has never been out with a girl before.

Ans: This is the first time he has ever been out with a girl.

(c) Our children often go to school by bus.

Ans: Our children are used to going to school by bus.

(b) No one has ever stolen my wallet.

Ans: I have never had my wallet stolen.

Unit - 2

Appearance

Hint:

(i) sub+look/sound/taste/feel/smell (s) + adjective or adverv+ adjective

(ii) sub+look/sound/taste/feel/smell (s) + like + noun or adjective + noun

(iii) sub+look/sound/taste/feel/smell (s) + as if/as though + clause

1. Rewrite the given using look, look like and look as if\as though as necessity.

(a) He needs a wash

Ans: He looks as if he needs a wash.

(b) Rather aggressive.

Ans: He looks rather aggressive.

Ans: He looks like a tramp.

(d) Angry.

Ans: He looks angry.

(e) He is going to start a fight.

Ans: He looks as if he is going to start a fight.

(f) Terribly complicated

Ans: It looks terribly complicated.

(g) It cost a lot.

Ans: It looks as if it cost a lot.

(h) Very elegant

Ans: It looks very elegant.

(i) Something from another space.

Ans: It looks like something from another space.

(j) It gives excellent reproduction.

Ans: It looks as if it gives excellent reproduction.

(f) A honeymoon couple.

Ans: They look like a honeymoon couple.

(I) They're celebrating

Ans: They look as if they are celebrating.

(m) They're in love.

Ans: They look as if they are in love.

(n) Happy.

Ans: They look happy.

(0) They've just had some good news.

Ans: They look as if they have just had some good news.

2. Talk about the people below as in the example. Talk about the past, the present and the future. Rule-

(i) Past-sub-look/looks+as if /as though+s+has/have+v3+obj)

(ii) Present-sub+look/looks+as if/though +sub+v1/v5+obj

(iii) Future-sub+look/looks+asif/though+sub+is/are+about to+v1+ O

Example: You see a man lying on the ground in a pool of blood.

Ans: (i) Past - He looks as if he has just been shot.

(ii) Present - He looks as if he is seriously wounded.

(iii) Future - He looks as though he is about to die.

(a) You see a girl standing on the sea shore, staring into the water.

Ans: (i) Past - She looks as if she has lost her boy Friend.

(ii) Present - She looks as if she is going to commit suicide.

(iii) Future - She looks as if she is about to jump into the water.

(b) You see a man lying on the floor, laughing.

Ans: (i) Past - He looks as if he has just heard good news.

(ii) Present - He looks as though he is a joker.

(iii) Future - He looks as if he is going to be crazy

(c) You see a woman whose clothes are soaked and she is sneezing.

Ans: (i) Past - She looks as if she has just come from the rain.

(ii) Present - She looks as if she works in the sea.

(iii) Future - She looks as if she is going to catch cold.

(d) You see a man lying underneath a car.

Ans: (i) Past - He looks as if he has had an accident.

(ii) Present - He looks as if he is a mechanic.

(iii) Future - He looks as if he is going to repair.

(e) You see someone climbing through a window.

Ans: (i) Past - He looks as if he has broken the window.

(ii) Present - He looks as if he is a thief.

(iii) Future - He looks as if he is going to steal things.

3. Change each sentences using "Seem".

(Rule - sub + seem / seems + to + verb + obj)

i) is/am/are- to be

ii) was/were – to have been

iii) v1/v5 – to +v1

iv) v2- to + have+v3

vi) has/have+v3 – to have +v3

Example: He's very friendly.

Ans: He seems to be very friendly.

If it is adjective it is not necessary to use 'to be' but optional.

(a) He isn't very rich.

Ans: He doesn't seem to be very rich.

(b) He's happily married.

Ans: He seems to be happily married.

(c) He's some kind of businessman.

Ans: He seems to be some kind of businessman.

(d) He doesn't spend much time out of doors.

Ans: He doesn't seem to spend much time out of doors.

(e) He watches television a lot.

Ans: He seems to watch television a lot.

(f) He has lived a very interesting life.

Ans: He seems to have lived a very interesting life.

4. Here are some things about Mr. Harvey. Talk about him using "seem" what your neighbor’s suggest to you about him.

(a) He never stops to chat with you if you have got your dog with you.

Ans: He seems to be afraid of the dog.

(b) His front garden always looks a bit neglected

Ans: He doesn't seem to be interested in gardening.

(c) There are African masks on the wall of his sitting room.

Ans: He seems to have lived in Africa sometime in his life.

(d) The postman always delivers a lot of letters with foreign stamps to his house.

Ans: He seems to have many friends in foreign countries.

(e) You only see his children during the school holidays.

Ans: He seems to have kept his children in hostel.

(f) He usually carries a walking stick when he goes out.

Ans: He seems to be disabled.

5. Rewrite these sentences, beginning with the words given.

(a) He has lived on his own most of his life.

Ans: He seems to have lived on his own most of his life.

(b) Someone is knocking the wall down.

Ans: It sounds as if someone is knocking the wall down.

(c) This painting is a genuine Rembrant’s.

Ans: This painting looks like a genuine Rembrant's.

(d) He has terrible personal problems.

Ans: He seems to have terrible personal problems.

(e) They're enjoying themselves.

Ans: They look as if they are enjoying themselves.

6. Continue the following remarks with look, sound, smell, feel or taste, + like,

(a) Surely he is not a manual worker

Ans: He looks like a businessman to me.

(b) Are you sure this is tea?

Ans: It tastes like coffee.

(c) I wonder who wrote that music.

Ans: It sounds like Kishor Kumar’s

(d) He has got a foreign accent.

Ans: He sounds like French.

(e) This material is very soft.

Ans: It feels like wool.

(f) What's that you are cooking?

Ans: It smells like meat.

(g) They've got very similar faces.

Ans: They look like twins.

(h) This isn't real leather, is it?

Ans: It feels like something sticky.

(i) I've got something in my shoe.

Ans: It feels like sand.

(j) I don't think you made this cake yourself.

Ans: It tastes like bakeries’.

Unit 3

Relating Past Events

1. Join the following sentences together using a non-defining relative clause.

(a) Finally, Brown (Willis had been sharing an office with him) decided to retire.

Ans: Finally Brown, with whom Willis had been sharing an office, decided to retire.

(b) Mrs. John (she was married with two children) never recovered consciousness.

Ans: Mrs. John, who was married with two children, never recovered consciousness.

(c) The old house (the family had lived in it for 300 years) was finally sold.

Ans: The old house, in which the family had lived for 300 years, was finally sold.

(d) Mary noticed that he was wearing her ring (she had lost it five years before)

Ans: Mary noticed that he was wearing her ring, which she had lost five years before.

(e) Nobody liked the eldest son (old Lord Banbury had left all his money to him).

Ans: Nobody liked the eldest son, whom old Lord Banbury had left all his money.

(f) He proudly showed me round his house (he had paid $100,000 for it).

Ans: He proudly showed me round his house, for which he had paid $100,000.

(g) He became quite fond of Brixton Prison (he had spent so much of his life there).

Ans: He became quite fond of Brixton Prison, where he had spent so much of his life,

(h) Harold (She had always been in love with him) finally asked her to marry him.

Ans: Harold, with whom she had always been in love, finally asked her to marry him.

(i) Godfrey (his parents had been in the theatre) decided to become an actor himself.

Ans: Godfrey, whose parents had been in the theatre, decided to become an actor himself.

(j) In 1948 (he was still a student then) he joined the Conservative Party).

Ans: In 1948, when he was still a student, he joined the Conservative Party.

2. Complete the following sentences using the past perfect tense. (Sub + had + v3 + obj)

(a) I apologized to him for all the inconvenience I had caused.

(b) I took back to the library all the books I had borrowed.

(d) or the application form I had to list all the schools I had visited.

(e) I couldn't decide whether to apply for the job I had wished.

(f) He couldn't pay back the money I had lent.

(g) I complained to the examiner about the mark I had obtained.

(h) I wanted to show her the presents I had received.

(i) I threw away the pieces of vase I had broken.

3. Add three sentences about the following people, explaining what they had possibly been doing.

[Sub 4- had been + v4 (ing) - Obj.]

(a) Jack's eyes were all red.

Ans: (i) He had been peeling onions.

(ii) He had been watching TV for ten hours.

(iii) He had been weeping for a long time.

(d) Angela was out of breath.

Ans: (i) She had been running.

(ii) She had been doing heavy exercise.

(iii) She had been suffering from asthma.

(c) Peter was covered in dirt.

Ans: (i) He had been carrying sacks of cement.

(ii) He had been sweeping the road.

(iii) He had been playing in muddy ground.

(d) Sheila felt very cold.

Ans: (i) She had been wearing a thin shirt in winter morning.

(ii) She had been singing on the open theatre.

(iii) She had been taking a cold bath.

(e) Michael couldn't stand up straight.

Ans: (i) He had been carrying a heavy load.

(ii) He had been suffering from backbone ache.

(iii) He had been swimming for 20 meters.

4. Add an appropriate relative clause to these sentences:

(a) I couldn't wait to get back to Venice………

Ans: I couldn't wait to get back to Venice, where my parents are working.

(b) At last they managed to repair the telephone………….

Ans: At last they managed to repair the telephone which had been out of order for some weeks.

(c) The teacher…………turned suddenly.

Ans: The teacher, who had been writing on the board, turned round suddenly.

(d) I eventually found the letter………in my jacket pocket.

Ans: I eventually found the letter, which I had kept in my Jacket Pocket.

3. Join the following sentences with appropriate relative clauses as in the example.

Example (I) Phil was driving

Phil, who was driving kept his foot pressed hard down on the acceleration.

(a). Phil was an excellent driver.

Phil's forehead was covered in sweat.

Ans: Phil, who was an excellent driver, kept his foot pressed hard down on the accelerator. Phil whose forehead was covered in sweet, kept his foot pressed hard down on the accelerator.

(b) Julia hadn't wanted to come in the first place.

The Admiral had entrusted the papers to Julia.

Ans: Julia, who hadn't wanted to come in the first place had started to cry.

Julia, whom the Admiral had entrusted the papers, hadn't wanted to come in the first place.

The success of the whole mission depended on Alex.

Ans: Alex, who had closed his eyes, was grimly fingering his gun. Alex, whose, idea had been to come, was grimly fingering his gun. Alex, on whom the success of whole mission depended, was grimly fingering the gun.

(d) Alex had just taken the gun out of his pocket. Alex never went anywhere without his gun.

Ans: Alex was grimly fingering his gun, which he had just taken out of his pocket. Alex was grimly fingering his gun, without which he never went anywhere.

(e) The dog was sitting facing the back window. The dog loved traveling in fast, cars.

Ans: Only the dog, which was sitting facing the back window, seemed unconcerned. Only the dog, which loved traveling in fast cars, seemed unconcerned.

(f). The truck was gaining on them all the time. They were trying so desperately to escape from the truck. Alight machine gun was clearly visible on the truck.

Ans: It wagged its tool as it looked back at the truck behind them, which was gaining on them all the time. It looked back at the truck behind them, which they were trying so desperately to escape from. It looked back at the truck behind them, on which a light machine gun was clearly visible.

Unit - 4

Attitudes and Reactions

1. Write the adjectival forms of the verbs below.

Verb Adjective

depress -lg?T;fxL kfg'{ depressing

offend -l/; p7fpg' offensive

impress -k|efljt kfg'{ impressive

excite -pQ]lht kfg'{ exciting

interest -?rL afVg' interesting

attract -cfs{lift ug'{ attractive

irritate -6fpsf] b'vfpg' irritating

confuse -cndn u/fpg' confusing

shock -rf]6 k'¥ofpg' shocking

upset -l/; p7fpg' upsetting

surprise -cgf}7f] nfUg' surprising

astonish -5Ss kfg'{ astonishing

amuse -/dfOnf] kfg'{ amusing

2. Look at the example and have similar conversation about the people and things below, using an appropriate expression from the list.

Example: Politics

A : What do you think of politics?

B : Oh, I find politics really depressing.

C : Yes, politics depresses me, too.

D : Yes, I agree, I get terribly depressed when people talk about politics.

1. World cup football

Ans: A : What do you think of World Cup football?

B : Oh, I find world cup football interesting.

C : Yes, world cup football interests, me, too.

D : Yes, I agree. I get terribly interested when people talk about

world Cup football.

2. People who speak several languages

Ans: A : What do you think of people who speak several languages.

B : Oh, I find multi-lingual people really impressive.

C : Yes, multi-lingual -ax'eflifs_ people impress me, too.

D : Yes, I agree I get really impressed when people talk about multi - lingual people.

3. People who talk about themselves.

Ans: A : What do you think of people who talk about themselves?

B : Oh, I find people who talk about themselves irritating.

C : Yes, people who talk about themselves irritate me, too.

D : Yes, I agree. I get really irritated when they talk about the people who talk about themselves.

4. People with dirty fingernails.

Ans: A : What do you think of people with dirty finger nails?

B : Oh, I find the people with dirty fingernails really disgusting.

C : Yes, the people with dirty fingernails disgust me, too.

D : Yes, I agree I get awfully disgusted when they talk about the

people with dirty fingernails.

5. Slim people

Ans: A : What do you think of slim people?

B : Oh, I find slim people really attractive.

C : Yes, slim people attract me, too.

D : Yes, I agree. I get really attracted when they talk about slim people.

6. Horror films.

Ans: A : What do you think of horror films?

B : Oh, I find horror films really terrifying

C : Yes, horror films terrify me, too.

D : Yes, I agree I get so terrified when people talk about horror ilms.

7. People who swear -s;d vfg'

Ans: A : What do you think of people who swear?

B : Oh, I find them offensive.

C : Yes, people who swear offend me, too.

D : Yes, I agree I get offended when they talk about people who swear.

8. People who whistle all the time.

Ans: A : What do you think of people who whistle all the time?

B : Oh, I find them irritating.

C : Yes, people who whistle all the time irritate me, too.

D : Yes, I agree I get irritated when people talk about the people who whistle all the time.

3. Rewrite the following sentences beginning if there's one thing ....................'

1. People who smoke in restaurants annoy me.

Ans: If there is one thing that annoys me it's people who smoke in restaurants.

2. People who are cruel to animals upset me.

Ans: If there's one thing that upsets me it's people who are cruel to animals.

3. People who break promises make me angry.

Ans: If there's one thing that makes me angry it's people who break promises.

4. I hate people who smoke in restaurants.

Ans: If there's one thing I hate it's people who smoke in restaurants.

5. I detest people who interrupt when I'm speaking.

Ans: If there's one thing I detest it's people who interrupt when I'm speaking.

6. I loathe -3'0ff ug'{ people who ring me up early in the morning.

Ans: If there is one thing I loathe it's people who ring me up early in the morning.

4. Write similar conversation as shown in the example beginning with the remarks below.

Example A : John got drunk again last night.

B : Huh! If there's one thing that annoys me/I can't stand it's people who can't take their drink.

1. Look Fred's putting his cigarette out on his dinner plate.

Ans: A : Look Fred's putting his cigarette out on his dinner plate.

B : Huh If there is one thing that annoys me it's people who don't use ashtrays -r'/f]6bfgL_.

2. Alice lost that book I lent her.

Ans: A : Alice lost that book I lent her.

B : Huh If there is one thing that makes me angry it's people who don't take care of other's book.

3. Jim drove into a lamp-post last week.

Ans: A : Jim drove into a lamp-post last week.

B : Huh If there's one thing that gets on my nerve it's people who drive carelessly.

4. Rhoda still hasn't paid me back that £ 100 she owes me.

Ans: A : Rhoda still hasn't paid me back that £ 100 she owes me.

B : Huh If there is one thing that annoys me it's people who don't repay their debts.

5. George has forgotten to feed the cat again.

Ans: A : George has forgotten to feed the cat again.

B : Huh If there is one thing that I can't stand it's people who don't care their pets.

6. Alma kept me waiting for more than an hour last night.

Ans: A : Alma kept me waiting for more than an hour last night.

B : Huh If there is one thing that annoys again this morning.

7. Mr Robinson came into borrow some sugar again this morning.

Ans: A : Mr. Robinson come into borrow some sugar again this morning.

B : Huh. If there is one thing that I can't stand, it's people who borrow things from their neighbours.

5. Make sentences using 'the way' showing your attitude towards the following.

1. They make street so crowded.

Ans: I object to the way they make street so crowded.

2. They never bother to learn the local language.

Ans: What I like about them is the way they never bother to learn the local language.

3. They take up all the seats on buses.

Ans: The thing that annoys me about them is the way they take up all the seats on buses.

4. They take on interest in local customs.

Ans: What I like about them is the way they take an interest in local customs.

5. They complain about everything all the time.

Ans: I object to the way they complain about everything all the time.

6. They help to provide employment.

Ans: What I like about them is the way they help to provide employment.

7. They wear such funny clothes.

Ans: The thing that attracts me about them is the way they wear such funny clothes.

8. They've always got so much energy.

Ans: The thing that interests me about them is the way they've always got so much energy.

6. Describe a person's character using an adjectival word.

1. Gives away lots of money?

Ans: Generous -bof'n, bfgL_

2. Never buys you a drink?

Ans: Mean -s~h';_

3. Easily loses his temper?

Ans: Bad-tempered/quick-tempered

4. Never loses his temper?

Ans: Calm -zfGt_

5. Helps other people?

Ans: Helpful -;xof]uL_

6. Jokes about everything?

Ans: Cheerful/funny

7. Only thinks about himself?

Ans: Selfish -:jfyL{

8. doesn't joke about anything?

Ans: serious -uDeL/_

9. Expects good things to happen?

Ans: Optimistic -cfzfjfbL_

10. Expects bad thing to happen?

Ans: Pessimistic -lg/fzfjfbL_

11. Believes whatever you tell him?

Ans: Gullible -ufOk|f0fL ;fFemf]

12. doubts what you tell him?

Ans: Sceptical -;+sfn'_

13. Worries about what people think?

Ans: Sensitive -k|efljt, ;+j]bgzLn_

14. Doesn't care what people think?

Ans: Self-assured/insensitive

15. Lets people down?

Ans: Unreliable -cljZjf;L_

16. doesn't let people down?

Ans: Reliable -ljZjf;L_

17. has a high opinion of himself?

Ans: Vain

18. doesn't boast?

Ans: Modest -l7Sssf]

7. Describe Colin's general attitude for the following remarks in three different ways.

1. 'His clothes are so dirty! How disgusting!'

Ans: a) Colin is disgusted by people who wear dirty clothes.

b) He finds people with dirty clothes disgusting.

c) People with dirty clothes disgust him.

2. Oh no - not another cocktail party! What a bore!'

Ans: a) Colin is bored by another cocktail party.

b) He finds cocktail parties boring.

c) Cocktail parties bore him.

3. 'She's got long blond hair - immensely attractive'.

Ans: a) Colin is attracted by girls with long blond hair.

b) He finds girls with long blond hair attractive.

c) Girls with long blond hair attract him.

4' 'He's scratching -sGofpg' himself again. How irritating!'

Ans: a) Colin is irritated by people who scratch themselves.

b. He finds people scratching themselves irritating.

c. People scratching themselves irritate him.

5. 'Look how fast he's driving. I'm really impressed.'

Ans: a. Colin is impressed by people who drive fast.

b. He finds fast drivers impressive.

c. People driving fast impress him.

8. Guess what Colin might say in the following. Situation and write them using If there is one thing.

1. Someone's singing in the bath. It's getting on Colin's nerves.

Ans: If there's one thing that gets on my nerves it's people who sing in the bath.

2. Someone's laughing at Colin. It's infuriating him.

Ans: If there is one thing that infuriates me, its' people who laugh at me.

3. Someone has taken Colin's pen without asking he is angry.

Ans: If there is one thing that annoys me it's people who take my pen without asking.

4. It's after midnight, and the people next door are playing loud music Colin objects to it.

Ans: If there is one thing that I object to, it's people who live next door playing loud music after midnight.

5. Someone's just spat in the street. Colin is offended.

Ans: If there is one thing that offends me. It's people who spit in the street.

6. Colin's just seen someone with purple and green hair. He can't stand this.

Ans: If there's one thing that I can't stand it's people who have purple and green hair.

9. Write definitions of the following types of people what you expect them to do.

1. A considerate person

Ans: A considerate person is someone who is careful not to hurt your feelings.

2. An unreliable person.

Ans: An unreliable person is someone who lets people down.

3. A stingy person

Ans: A stingy person is someone who doesn't buy you drink.

4. A thick-skinned person.

Ans: A thick-skinned person is someone who is insensitive to blame -bf]if_.

5. A vain person

Ans: A vain person is someone who has high opinion of himself.

6. A skeptical person

Ans: A skeptical person is someone who doubts what you tell him.

7. An optimistic person

Ans: An optimistic person is someone who expects good things to happen.

Unit - 5

Duration

Hint: Activities: Q: How long +did +sub+v1+obj … (for)?

Ans: Sub+v2+obj+ for +period of time/until+point of time

Achievement:

Q. How long+did+it+take+him/her/them/us/you/me+to+v1+obj?

Ans: sub+v2+obj+in+period of time/by+point of time.

1. For each of the situations below: Ask a question with "How long.......?"Answer it, using the words in brackets.

(i) They talked on the telephone. (20 minutes)

(a) How long did they talk for?

(b) They talked for 20 minutes.

(ii) She painted the bathroom ceiling, (six o' clock)

(a) How long did it take her to paint the bathroom ceiling?

(b) She painted it by six o'clock.

(iii) We played golf on Sunday, (dusk)

(a) How long did you play for?

(b) We played golf on Sunday until dusk.

(iv) He mowed the lawn. (ten minutes)

(a) How long did he mow the lawn for?

(b) He mowed the lawn for ten minutes.

(v) I wrote all my letters, (lunch time)

(a) How long did it take you to write all your letters?

(b) I wrote all my setters by lunch time.

(vi) We had to change the wheel. (five minutes)

(a) How long did it take you to change the wheel?

How long did you have to change the wheel?

(b) We changed the wheel in five minutes/We had to change the wheel in five minutes.

(vii) He watched television. (late movie came on)

(a) How long did he watch television for?

(b) He watched television until late movie came on.

(viii) I read the whole of ‘War and Peace’. (two weeks)

(a) How long did it take you to read the whole of 'War and Peace'?

(b) I read the whole of 'War and peace’ in two weeks.

(ix) She did some piano practice. (bed time)

(a) How long did she do piano practice for?

(b) She did some piano practice until bed time.

(x) She waited at the bus stop.(ages)

(a) How long did she wait for?

(b) She waited for ages.

2. Complete these sentences as it is in the example. Example: I ordered a taxi for ten to eight, but

it didn't come for half an hour.

it was half an hour before it came.

(a) I wrote to my mother by airmail, but in fact (two weeks)

Ans: She didn't get it for two weeks.

It was two weeks before she got it.

(b) I intended to have an early night, but as it happened. (Midnight)

Ans: I didn't go to bed till midnight.

It was midnight before I went to bed.

(c) I said he could borrow the record for a few days, but (six weeks)

Ans: He didn't return it for six weeks.

It was six weeks before he returned it.

(d) It was supposed to be a short meeting, but.... (three hours)

Ans: It didn't finish for three hours.

It was three hours before the meeting finished.

(e) She set us some homework for Monday, but as I was away for the week end. (Tuesday)

Ans: I couldn't start doing it till Tuesday.

it was Tuesday before I started doing it.

3. Fill the gaps in the sentences below with 'for, in, until, or by^’.

(a) She studied medicine by the age of 25.

(b) They got the lunch ready by 2.30.

(d) They lived in New York until 1973.

(e) My father ran a bookshop for two years.

(f) We did ail our housework in a couple of hours.

(g) We did some housework for a couple of hours,

(h) I finished my homework by suppertime.

(i) We discussed politics until three in the morning.

(j) They reached the top of the mountain in four hours.

(k) I borrowed my neighbor’s power drill for a few days.

(I) He got all the letters typed by half past nine.

(m) The concert was over by half past nine.

(n) He saved up $ 200.00 by Easter.

(o) I studied French for five years.

(p) She became a qualified physiotherapist in 12 months.

(q) I dug the garden for a couple of hours.

(r) He stayed in bed until lunch time.

4. Write three sentences with 'it depends^'. Example:

(a) How long does it take you to read a novel?

(i) The number of pages?

(ii) How long time do you have?

(iii) Is it enjoyable to read?

Ans: (i) It depends on the number of pages.

(ii) It depends on how long time you have.

(iii) It depends on whether it is enjoyable to read or not.

(b) What time do you get up in the morning?

(i) How do you feel?

(ii) Js it a week day or the weekend?

(iii) What time did you go to bed the night before?

Ans: (i) It depends on how you feel

(ii) It depends on whether it is a weekday or the weekend,

(iii) it depends on what time you went to bed the night before.

(i) The recipe?

(ii) Have you ever cooked it before?

(iii) How many people is it for?

Ans: (i) It depends on the recipe.

(ii) It depends on whether you have ever cooked it before or not.

(iii) It depends on how many people it is for.

Unit - 6

Reporting

1. Change the given sentences into reported speech.

(a) "I am from Melbourne".

Ans: He said that he was from Melbourne.

(b) "I like it here."

Ans: He said that he liked it there.

(c) "I don't earn much money."

Ans: He said that he didn't earn much money.

(d) "I've got a cousin in America.

Ans: He said that he had got a cousin in America.

(e) "I'll be staying in New York for a month"

Ans: He said that he would be staying in New York for a month.

(f) "We are going to do all we can to help industry",

Ans: He said that they were going to do all they could to help industry.

(g) "Unemployment figures have been falling for several months."

Ans: He said that unemployment figures had been falling for several months.

(h) "The last govt., didn't do anything about unemployment." .

Ans: He said that the previous govt. hadn't done anything about unemployment.

(i) "These proposals are being considered carefully."

Ans: He said that those proposals were being considered carefully.

2. Report the following remarks, beginning "He told me....".

(a) My father's ill. '

Ans: He told me his father was ill.

(b) I'll tell her when I see her.

Ans: He told me he would tell her when he saw her.-

(c) I've been sleeping very badly.

Ans: He told me he had been sleeping very badly.

(d) If they're waiting for you, you ought to go. ,

Ans: He told me if they were waiting for me, I ought to go.

(e) The price of petrol is going to go up.

Ans: He told me the price of petrol was going to go up.

(f) I'm sure she won't mind if you use the phone.

Ans: He told me he was sure she wouldn't mind if I used the phone.

(g) I wasn't invited to the party.

Ans: He told me he hadn't been invited to the party.

(h) I've had my car serviced.

Ans: He told me he had had his car serviced.

(i) I'm reading the book you lent me.

Ans: He told me he was reading the book I had lent him.

3. Rewrite the following questions as indirect question.

(a) What time did you wake up this morning? Can you remember?

Ans: Can you remember what time you woke up this morning?

(b) How much do colour TVs cost these days?

Ans: Have you any idea how much TVs colour cost these days?

(c) What time does the film start? I wonder....

Ans: I wonder what time the film starts.

(d) Was he alone? Did you notice...?

Ans: Did you notice if he was alone?

(e) When are they getting married? I'm longing to know

Ans: I'm longing to know when they're getting married.

(f) What does he do for a living? I often wonder

Ans: I often wonder what he does for a living.

(g) Does she like classical music? Can you remember?

Ans: Can you remember if she likes classical music?

(h) Where are you going for your holidays? Have you decided yet?

Ans: Have you decided yet where you are going for your holidays?

(i) Are you coming tomorrow? I need to know now.

Ans: I need to know now if you are coming tomorrow.

(j) Did you ever find your camera? I've been meaning to ask you.

Ans: I've been meaning to ask you whether you ever found your camera.

4. Report the questions using 'asked her¹ or 'wanted to know¹

(a) How long are you staying?

Ans: They wanted to know how long she was staying.

(b) Are you planning to give any concert while you're here?

Ans: They asked her if she was planning to give any concert while she was there.

(c) Have you written any new songs recently?

Ans: They asked her if she had written any new songs recently.

(d) When is your next record going to be released?

Ans: They wanted to know when her next record was going to be released.

(e) What have you been doing since your last visit?

Ans: They asked her what she had been doing since her previous visit.

(f) Are you glad you are here?

Ans: They wanted to know whether she was glad she was there.

(g) Do you think your next record will be a hit?

Ans: They asked her if she thought her next record would be a hit.

(h) Why didn't your husband come with you?

Ans: They wanted to know why her husband hadn't come with her.

5. Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words given, so that they mean the same.

(a) John said," I'll come if I have enough time,"

Ans: John said that he would come if he had enough time.

(b) "You're the nastiest person I've even met," She told me.

Ans: She told me that I was the nastiest person she had ever met.

(c) He did all the shopping in half an hour.

Ans: It took him half an hour to do all the shopping.

(d) I was very impressed by his performance.

Ans: I found his performance very impressive.

(e) I hate the way Peter shouts all the time.

Ans: What I hate about peter is the way he shouts all the time.

(f) People who don't say thank you really gets on my nerves.

Ans: If there is one thing that gets on my nerves it is people who don't say thank you.

4. Choosing appropriate verbs from the list and report the remarks below beginning with the words given.

Admit -:jLsf/ ug'{ , explain -j0f{g ug{ , assure -lglZrGt kfg{ ,

deny -c:jLsf/ ug{ , Point out -b]vfpg' , insist -lh2L ug{ ,

accuse -bf]if nufpg' , claim -bfaf ug'{ , warn -r]tfjgL lbg'

1. You're under no obligation to buy the drill If you don't like it.'

The salesman ..............

Ans: The salesman assured Mr lock that he was under no obligation to buy the drill if he did not like it.

2. 'I don't want the drill, because it doesn't work.'

Ans: Mr lock explained that he did not want the drill because it did not work.

3. 'The same drill can be bought locally for £ 10 less'.

Mr. Lock ................

Ans: Mr. Lock pointed out that the same drill could be bought locally for £10 less.

4. You broke the drill by using it wrongly, and you still owe us £45.'

Bargain electrics ...................

Ans: Bargain electrics claimed that he had broken the drill by using it wrongly and he still owned them £45.

5. 'I didnot break the drill.'

Mr Lock ......................

Ans: Mr lock denied that he had not broken the drill.

6. 'The drill reached you in perfect condition.' the managing director

....................

Ans: The managing Director insisted that the drill had reached him in perfect condition.

7. 'If you do not pay the balance within seven days we will have to take legal action.'

The managing Director..........................

Ans: The managing Director warned him that if he did not pay the balance within seven days they would not to take legal action.

8. 'You are interfering in a private matter'.

The sales Manager .................

Ans: The Sales Manager accused him of was interfering in a private matter.

9. 'Mr Lock has been right all along - the drill was wrongly assembled in the factory.'

Ans: The Managing Director admitted that Mr. Lock had been right all along- the drill was wrongly assembled in the factory.

5. Report the following remarks, using a suitable verb from the list.

agree suggest

refuse try to persuade

insist urge

promise beg

threaten advise

recommend

1. Come on, Mr Lock. Why not buy it? It's only £ 60 after all. Go on, it's an investment.'

Ans: The sales man tried to persuade Mr Lock to buy the drill.

2. 'No, I have absolutely no intention of sending you the money.

Ans: Bargain Electrics refused to send Mr Lock the money.

3. 'If you don't pay up, we'll take legal action.'

Ans: The managing Director threatened to take legal action if he did not pay up.

4. Frankly, I think you're asking for trouble if you don't pay. Why not just send them the money? You'd feel much better if you did.'

Ans: Mr John Lock's brother urged him to send them the money.

5. 'I think you ought to get in touch with safe guard.

Ans: His wife advised him to get in touch with safeguard.

6. 'Please you must help me ! I don't know what to do!'

Ans: Mr John Lock begged safeguard to help him.

7. 'All right Mr lock. We'll look into it immediately.

Ans: Safeguard promised to look into it immediately.

8. 'No, I'm afraid that's not good enough. As I said before, we want to speak to the sales Manager in person.'

Ans: The Safeguard insisted on speaking to the 'sales Manager in person.

9. 'Very well then - we'll give Mr lock his deposit back'.

Ans: The Managing Director agreed to give Mr lock his deposit back.

10. To be honest after, my experience with them, I wouldn't buy anything from Bargain Electric if I were you.

Ans: One of Mr lock's friends suggested him that he should not buy anything from Bargain electric.

6. Report following remarks beginning 'He told me.............

1. My father is ill.

Ans: He told me his father was ill.

2. I'll tell her when I see her.

Ans: He told me he would tell her when he saw her.

3. I've been sleeping very badly.

Ans: He told me he had been sleeping very badly.

4. If they're waiting for you, you ought to go.

Ans: He told me if they were waiting for me I ought to go.

5. The price of petrol's going to go up.

Ans: He told me the price of petrol was going to go up.

6. I'm sure she won't mind if you use the phone.

Ans: He told me he was sure she would not mind if I used the phone.

7. I wasn't invited to the wedding.

Ans: He told me he had not been invited to the wedding.

8. I've had my car serviced.

Ans: He told me he had had his car serviced.

9. I'm reading that book you lent me.

Ans: He told me he was reading that book I had lent him.

10. They don't play as much tennis as they used to.

Ans: He told me they had not played as much tennis as they used to.

11. Since they've already got one, there's no point in giving them one.

Ans: He told me since they had already got one, there was no point in giving them one.

12. You look as if you haven't eaten for weeks.

Ans: He told me I looked as if I had not eaten for weeks.

7 Report the following remarks choosing one of the verbs from the list.

promise suggest

threaten insist

advise urge

recommend beg

1. I can't tell you how important it is for you to give up smoking.

Ans: He urged me to give up smoking.

2. You've got to lend me the money! Oh, please, please!

Ans: He begged me to lend him the money.

3. Why don't you paint the ceiling yellow?

Ans: He advised me to pain the ceiling yellow.

4. I'll buy you an ice cream if you're good.

Ans: He promised me to buy an ice cream if I was good.

5. You should spend a week in Scotland- it's lovely.

Ans: He recommended me that I should spend a week in Scotland.

6. No, I've already told you – I'm going to pay.

Ans: He insisted that he was going to pay.

7. You really ought to have your roof repaired you know.

Ans: He advised me to have my roof repaired.

8. I'll report you to the police if you don't do what I say.

Ans: He threatened to report me to the police if I did not do what he said.

Unit -7

Deduction and Explanations

1. Change the sentences below, using 'must', 'can't^' and 'may/ might^'

Example: I am sure he is working.

Ans: He must be working.

(a) Perhaps he is going to ask me,

Ans: He may be going to ask me.

(b) I am sure he isn't French.

Ans: He can't be French.

(c) I'm sure they stole the money.

Ans: They must have stolen the money.

(d) Perhaps he was listening.

Ans: He might have been listening.

(e) I'm sure she wasn't at work.

Ans: She can't have been at work.

(f) Perhaps he went home.

Ans: He might have gone home,

(g) Perhaps she isn't coming.

Ans: She may not be coming.

(h) I am sure they weren't camping.

Ans: They can't have been camping,

(i) Perhaps they haven't finished.

Ans: They might not have finished,

(j) Perhaps he was tired.

Ans: He might have been tired.

(k) I'm sure she was feeling ill.

Ans: She must have been feeling ill.

(l) I'm sure they've arrived.

Ans: They must have arrived,

(m) I'm sure she isn't having lunch.

Ans: She can't be having lunch,

(n) Perhaps he didn't hear you.

Ans: He might not have heard you.

(o) I'm sure it hasn't been snowing.

Ans: It can't have been snowing,

(p) Perhaps he was not telling the truth.

Ans: He might not have been telling the truth,

(q) I'm sure you are exhausted

Ans: You must be exhausted,

(r) May be he was delayed

Ans: He might have been delayed,

(s) I am convinced you have not forgotten my name.

Ans: You can't have forgotten my name,

(t) I'm sure I was dreaming.

Ans: I must have been dreaming,

(u) I'm sure you are imagining things.

Ans: You must be imagining things,

(v) It is possible that they're going away.

Ans: They may be going away,

(w) I'm sure they weren't serious.

Ans: They can't have been serious,

(x) Obviously he's been kidnapped.

Ans: He must have been kidnapped,

(y) Perhaps she is going to ring.

Ans: She may be going to ring.

2. Draw three different conclusions from the following pieces of evidence.

(a) There are five bottles of milk on their front door step.

Ans: (i) They must have forgotten to cancel their milk deliveries before they went out.

(ii) They can't have woken up yet.

(iii) There must be some guests staying with them.

(b) There are two large suitcases in her car.

Ans: (i) She must be coming from abroad.

(ii) She can't be able to take them by carrying.

(iii) She must have forgotten them in the car.

(c) I saw the Wheelers coming out of the American Embassy this morning.

Ans: (i) They can't be working in the Embassy any more.

(ii) They must be applying for the visa for America.

(iii) They must have an appointment with the Ambassador.

(d) His name isn't in the phone book.

Ans: (i) He must be hiring the phone,

(ii) He can't have his own telephone.

(iii) He can't have registered his name in the phone book.

3. Explain the following deductions using an 'If sentence.

(a) He can't be a soldier-he isn't wearing a uniform.

Ans: If he was a soldier, he would be wearing a uniform.

(b) There can't be anyone at home-the car has gone.

Ans: If there was anyone at home, the car wouldn't have gone.

(c) They must be having an argument-they've shut the door.

Ans: If they weren't having an argument, they wouldn't have shut the door.

(d) She can't have been enjoying herself, she left early.

Ans: If she had been enjoying herself, she wouldn't have left early.

(e) He must have been here recently-the kettle's warm.

Ans: If he "hadn't been here recently, the kettle wouldn't be warm.

(f) He can't be working at the library-l haven't seen him there.

Ans: If he was working at the library, I would have seen him there.

4. Answers the questions in Column A using must or can't giving a reason from Column B.

A B

Did he go abroad? The line has engaged.

Has he been working hard? He had it done only a month ago.

Is he redecoration his house? It only cost him £ 15.

Is he an Indian? He was only promoted last week

Has the meat gone off? He got a lot of post this morning.

Is he talking on the phone? He hasn't got a passport.

Is the table an antique? It smells terrible.

Is it his birthday? He looks exhausted

Has he been made redundant? He's got fair hair.

Answers

1. He can't have gone abroad because he hasn't got a passport.

2. He must have been working hard because he looks exhausted.

3. He can't be redecorating his house because he had it done only a month ago.

4. He can't be an Indian because he's got fair hair.

5. The meat must have gone off because it smells terrible.

6. He can't talking on the phone because the line is busy.

7. The table can't be an antique -k|frLg sfn_ because it only cost him £15.8.

8. It must be his birthday because he's got a lot of post (letter) this morning.

9. He can't be made redundant -cgfjZos_ because he was only promoted last week.

5 Rewrite the sentences below using must, can't or may/ might.

1. I'm sure they've arrived.

Ans: They must have arrived.

2. I'm sure she's not having lunch.

Ans. She can't be having lunch.

3. Perhaps he didn't hear you.

Ans. He might not have heard you.

4. I'm sure it hasn't been snowing.

Ans. It can't have been snowing.

5. Perhaps he wasn't telling the truth.

Ans. He may/might not have been telling the truth.

6. I'm sure you're exhausted.

Ans. You must be exhausted.

7. Maybe he was delayed.

Ans. He might have been delayed.

8. I'm convinced you haven't forgotten my name.

Ans. You can't have forgotten my name.

9. I'm sure I was dreaming.

Ans. I must have been dreaming.

10. I'm sure you're imagining things.

Ans. You must be imagining things.

11. It's possible that they're going away.

Ans. They may be going away.

12. I'm sure they weren't serious.

Ans. They can't have been serious.

13. Obviously he's been kidnapped.

Ans. He must have been kidnapped.

14. Perhaps she's going to ring.

Ans. She may/might be going to ring.

15. I'm sure they weren't informed.

Ans. They can't have been informed.

Unit – 8

Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Change the suggestions below, using ought to/ought not to/ might as well or there's no point in.

1. Let's not take the lift – he only lives on the first floor.

Ans. There's no point in taking the lift.

2. Don't take your children to see that film – it'll frighten them.

Ans. You ought no to take your children to see that film.

3. Let's not sell is – it's not worth anything anyway.

Ans. There is no point in selling it.

4. Why don't we give it away –it's not worth anything anyway.

Ans. We might as well give it away.

5. Don't ask him – he does not speak English.

Ans. There is no point in asking him.

6. Why don't you take a pullover – you've got plenty of room in your case.

Ans. You might as well take a pullover.

7. Why don't you take a pullover – it might turn cold.

Ans. You ought to take a pullover.

8. Let's not talk about it now – the children are listening.

Ans. We ought not to talk about is now.

9. Let's not argue it – that won't solve the problem.

Ans. There is no point in arguing about it.

2. Work in threes. Have similar conversations as example-Example:

A : Shall we go by bus?

B : No, there's no point in waiting for the bus-it is only a short distance.

C : Yes, we might as well walk.

(a) Do you think I should keep all these old clothes?

Ans: A : Do you think I should keep all these old clothes?

B : No, there's no point in keeping them-they are useless.

C : Yes, we might as well give them to the beggar.

What shall we do with the money? Invest it?

B : No, there's no point in investing the money-its' risky.

C : Yes, we might as well buy a house.

(b) Should I send this letter first class?

Ans: A : Should I send this letter first class?

B : No, there's no point in sending this letter first class-it is not so important.

C : Yes, you might as well send it by ordinary post.

(d) Let's get a bigger washing machine.

Ans: A : Let's get a bigger washing machine.

B : No, there's no point in getting a bigger washing machine-there is no space in it.

C : Yes, we might as well buy a smaller one.

(e) May be we ought to keep some of this ice-cream for Mary.

Ans: A : May be we ought to keep some of this ice-cream for Mary.

B : No, there's no point in keeping ice-cream for Mary-she doesn't like it.

C : Yes, we might as well buy her some fruits.

3. Complete the following sentences with...

[there's no point in /it's not worth (ii) might as well.]

(a) Since they don't appreciate good food anyway ...

(i) There's no point in cooking them anything special.

(ii) You might as well heat up something out of a tin.

(b) If the theatre never fills up anyway ...

(i) There's no point in booking the tickets.

(ii) You might as well go there at show time.

(i) There's no point in buying it.

(ii) You might as well borrow it from the library.

(d) If they're going to televise the match live ...

(i) There is no point in going to the stadium.

(ii) We might as well watch it on television.

(e) If you are sure the police will find you anyway...

(i) There is no point in hiding yourself.

(ii) You might as well give in

Unit - 9

Clarifying

1. Change the questions below to information questions.

(a) Are we having tomato/chicken/mushroom soup today?

Ans: What soup are we having today?

(b) Was it raining/foggy/cold when you were in London?

Ans: What was the weather like when you were in London?

(c) Are you planning to use your father's car/Tony's car/my car?

Ans: Whose car are you planning to use?

(d) Are you going to boil/fry/scramble those eggs?

Ans: What are you going to do with those eggs?

(e) Is it 500 miles/1 00 miles/ a long way to London from here?

Ans: How far is London from here?

(f) Would you like to do manual/office/out door/work?

Ans: What kind of work would you like to do?

(g) Are there four/five/six of you?

Ans: How many of you are there?

(h) I hear he has hurt his leg. Has he broken/bruised/cut it?

Ans: What has he done to his leg?

(i) Are you Margaret's cousin/brother/nephew?

Ans: Who are you of Margaret?

(j) Is the cinema opposite/next to/round the corner from the station?

Ans: Where is the cinema from the station? ,

(k) Have you given away/sold/burnt my old football boots?

Ans: What have you done with my old football boots?

(I) Did you use half-inch/one-inch/three quarter-inch screws?

Ans: What size screws did you use?

2. Look at the sets of word below, and (a) decide what each set has in common (b) ask an information question about it.

(a) arson / blackmail / assault

Ans: (i) crime

(ii) what crime did he commit?

(b) Stew /grill /roast

Ans: (i) Way of cooking

(ii) How did you cook the meat?

(c) major / sergeant / corporal

Ans: (i) Rank

(ii) what is his rank in the army?

(d) Primary / grammar / comprehensive

Ans: (i) School

(ii) what kind of school do you read in ?

(e) Ford / valkswagen / citroen

Ans: (i) car company

(ii) In which car company does he work?

(f) rubber / leather / plastic

Ans: (i) Material

(ii) what are your shoes made of?

(g) A4 / foolscape / quarto

Ans: (i) Size of paper

(ii) What size paper do you need?

(h) crimson / scarlet / maroon

Ans: (i) shade of red color

(ii) What shade of red is her shirt?

(i) rare / medium / well done

Ans: (i) Result

(ii) was your result of the exam?

(j) A/B/C

Ans: (i) grade

(ii) What is his grade in the class?

3. Report the following questions.

(a) "Did you have a good journey?"

Ans: They asked him if he had a good journey.

(b) "Are you hungry?"

Ans: They asked him if he was hungry.

(c) "Did you have a meal on the plane?"

Ans: They asked him if he had a meal on the plane.

(d) "Did you have any trouble at customs?"

Ans: They wanted to know if he had any trouble at custom.

(e) "How are you feeling?"

Ans: They inquired how he was feeling.

(f) "Have you been vaccinated against cholera?"

Ans: They asked him if he had been vaccinated against cholera.

(g) "How much do you smoke?"

Ans: They wanted to know how much he smoked.

(h) "Do you do any exercise?"

Ans: They asked him if he did any exercise.

(i) "Have you been sleeping badly?"

Ans: They wanted to know if he had been sleeping badly.

(j) "Have you worked in a restaurant before?"

Ans: They asked him if he had worked in a restaurant before.

(k) "How far away do you live?"

Ans: They asked him how for away he lived.

(I) "When can you start?"

Ans: They wanted to know when they could start.

4. Correct the statements below.

(a) Charles Dickens was born in Strat Ford-on-Avon.

Ans: It wasn't Charles Dickens who was born in Stratford-on- Avon. It was Shakespeare.

(b) Doctors look after your teeth.

Ans: It isn't doctors who look after your teeth. It is dentist.

(c) Marcopolo discovered America.

Ans: It wasn't Marcopolo who discovered America. It was Columbus.

(d) The sun causes the tides.

Ans: It is not the sun that causes the tides. It is the moon.

(e) Democracy started in Italy.

Ans: It wasn't in Italy where democracy started, it was in Athens.

(f) Agatha Christie wrote the James Bond stories.

Ans: It wasn't Agatha Christie who wrote the James Bond stories. It was Ian Flaming.

(g) India has the largest population in the world.

Ans: It isn't India that has the largest population in the world. It is China,

(h) Martin Luther King was assassinated in Dallas.

Ans: It was not Martin Luther king who was assassinated in Dallas. It was John F. Kennedy.

5. A well-known singer arrived in England last weeks. At the airport she was asked a lot of questions by reporters. Report the questions, using asked her or wanted to know.

1. How long are you staying?

Ans: They wanted to know how long she was staying.

2. Are you planning to give any concerts while you're here?

Ans. They asked her if she was planning to give any concerts while she was there.

3. Have you written any new songs recently?

Ans. They wanted to know whether she had written any new songs recently.

4. When is your next record going to be released?

Ans. They asked her when her next record was going to be released.

5. What have you been doing since your last visit?

Ans. They asked her what she had been doing since her last visit.

6. Are you glad you're here?

Ans. They wanted to know if she was glad she was there.

7. Do you think your next record will be a hit?

Ans. They asked her if she thought her next record would be a hit.

8. Why didn't your husband come with you?'

Ans. They asked her why her husband had not come with her.

9. Will you be staying in London?

Ans. They wanted to know if she would be staying in London.

Unit - 10

Wishes and Regrets

1. For each of the following situations, make sentences with I wish/If only, using (a) would (b) could and (c) the past tense.

(i) It is raining

Ans: (a) I wish it would stop raining.

(b) If only I could reach home by now.

(ii) You're lonely

Ans: (a) I wish a friend would come to me.

(b) If only I could marry her.

(iii) You're ill in bed.

Ans: (a) I wish a doctor would come with medicine.

(b) If only I could go to hospital.

(iv) Your car has broken down.

Ans: (a) I wish a mechanic would help me.

(b) If Only I could repair myself.

(v) You're short of money.

Ans: (a) I wish my friend would give me money.

(b) If only I could borrow some money.

(vi) You're in bed with flu.

Ans: (a) If only my temperature would go down.

(b) I wish I could get up.

(vii) You're lost.

Ans: (a) If only I could have a guide.

(b) I wish someone would get a map.

(viii) You are out of work.

Ans: (a) If only I could get a job.

(b) I wish I didn't leave the job.

(ix) You are in love.

Ans: (a) If only I could marry her.

(b) I wish my parents would accept my love.

2. Look at the following example and have similar conversation as the example.

Example:

A does not have a car; B has a car.

A : I wish I had a car.

B : Really? Why's that?

A : Well, if I had a car, I wouldn't have to spend all my time waiting for buses.

B : Well, frankly, I wish I did not have I car.

A : Really? Why's that?

B : Because if I did not have a car, I would not have to take the children to school at seven every morning.

1. A does not have a telephone. B has a telephone.

Ans: A : I wish I had a telephone.

B : Really? Why's that?

A : Well, if I had a telephone, I would have to go to communication center to call.

B : Well, frankly, I wish I did not have a telephone.

A : Really, Why's that?

B : Because if I did not have a telephone I would not have woken up at night.

2. A does not work in London. B works in London.

Ans: A : I wish I worked in London.

B : Really? Why's that?

A : Well, If I worked in London, I would go for swimming during the lunch hour.

B : Well, frankly, I wish I did not work in London.

A : Really? Why's that?

B : Well, If I didn't work in London, I did not go there by bus early in the morning.

3. A's children go to boarding school, B's children don't go to boarding school.

Ans: A : I wish my children didn't go to boarding school.

B : Really? Why's that?

A : Well, If my children didn't go to boarding school I would not

have to spend a lot of money.

B : Well, frankly, I wish my children went to boarding school.

A : Why's that?

B : Because if they went, they didn't have to spend their free time going out for playing.

4. A's mother hardly visit him, B's mother often visits him.

Ans: A : I wish my mother visited me every weekend.

B : Really? Why's that?

A : Well, If she visited me every weekend, I would take her to visit new places.

B : well, frankly, I wish my mother never visited me.

A : Really? Why's that?

B : Because if she didn't visit me, I would not waste my time talking with her.

5. A isn't famous. B is famous.

Ans: A : I wish I was famous.

B : Really? Why's that?

A : Well, if I was famous, I would be busy must of the time. -w]/} h;f]_

B : Well, frankly? I Wish I was not famous.

A : Really? Why's that?

B : Because if I wasn't famous, I could walk easily on the road.

6. A has a cold. B hasn't got a cold.

Ans: A : I wish I had not got a cold.

B : Really? Why's that?

A : Well, If I had not got a cold, I would go to play football.

B : Well, frankly, I wish I had got a cold.

A : Really? Why's that?

B : Because if I had got a cold, I would take a rest for a couple of days.

3. Make a regret in the given situations using, I wish ........... if only .............. or I should (not) ...........

1. You one suffering from sunstroke -3fdaf6 kLl8t_

Ans: I wish I hadn't worked in the sun so long.

I should take an Umbrella with me.

If only I'd put some suntan lotion on.

2. War has suddenly broken out, and you're stuck -c8\sg' in your hotel room.

Ans: I wish I had not left my town.

I should not have come here.

If only I had stayed at home.

3. Your house has burnt down.

Ans: I wish I had informed the fire brigade.

If only I had not on the gas.

I should not have lit the hitter.

4. You feel seasick.

Ans: I wish I had not come to the seashore.

I should not have played with the tides.

If only I had stayed at home.

5. You're short of sleep.

Ans: I wish I had not watched the cricket match.

I should not have studied till late night.

If only I had gone to bed early.

6. Someone has just refused to marry you.

Ans: I wish I had not requested her for marriage.

I should not have thought about marriage.

If only I had completed Master's Degree to meet her academic requirement.

7. You are stuck half way up a mountain in fog.

Ans: I wish I had not started to climb the mountain.

I should not have climbed the mountain.

If only I had stayed one day more in the hotel.

4. Regret doing the things below. Add as if ............ sentence, showing the consequence of your action, and a Then ............. sentence, showing a further consequence.

1. You went to a party.

Ans. I wish I had not gone to that party. If I hadn't gone I would not have got drunk. And then I wouldn't have had that accident on the way home.

2. You forgot your wedding anniversary.

Ans. I wish I had not forgotten my wedding anniversary. If I had not forgotten, I would have organized a party. And then I would have met my friends.

3. You didn't check oil in the car.

Ans. I wish I had checked oil in my car. If I had checked I would not have out of petrol in the way. And then I would have completed my work in time.

4. You won the football pools.

Ans. I wish I had not won the football pools. If I had not won, I would not have bought a car. And then I would not have met an accident.

5. You didn't set your alarm clock.

Ans. I wish I had set my alarm clock. If I had set I would not have got up late. And I would not have missed my examination.

6. You lost your passport.

Ans: I wish I had not lost my passport. It I had not lost my passport. I would have gone to Canada. And then, I would have made my future bright.

7. You didn't unplug your television.

Ans. I wished I had unplugged my television. If I had unplugged my television, there would not have been electric shock. And then my television would have been in good condition.

5. Add two sentences to the remarks below: (a) with 'could have¹ (b) with 'needn't have¹

(i) You didn't tell me you could do electrical repairs.

Ans: (a) You cold have mended my radio for me.

(b) I needn't have taken my radio to the shop to be repaired.

(ii) I wish I had known their telephone had been repaired.

Ans: (a) I could have telephoned them.

(b) I needn't have walked to their house,

(iii) If only you had told me you were ill.

Ans: (a) I could have taken you to the hospital.

(b) You needn't have requested the landlord,

(iv) I didn't realize I still had $10 in ray pocket.

Ans: (a) I could have taken a taxi.

(b) I needn't have walked,

(v) I had no idea it would be so warm here,

Ans: (a) I could have put on a thin shirt.

(b) I needn't have bought this jacket.

(vi) I am suffering from flue,

Ans: (a) I could have taken you to the hospital.

(b) You needn't have requested the landlord,

(vii) I didn't realize I still had $10 in ray pocket.

Ans: (a) I could have taken a taxi.

(b) I needn't have walked,

(viii) I had no idea it would be so warm here,

Ans: (a) I could have put on a thin shirt.

(b) I needn't have bought this jacket.

6. For each situation, write two different sentences using I wish or if only.

(a) There is a power cut, and you are stuck in a lift.

Ans: (i) I wish I had climbed up the stairs.

(ii) If only I hadn't used the lift.

(b) Your boy/girl friend has just gone abroad for a year.

Ans: (i) If only I could go with him/her.

(ii) I wish I had got the visa.

(c) On your way back from a day in the country, your car breaks down.

Ans: (i) I wish I came by bus.

(ii) If only I could repair myself.

(d) You bought a puppy a month ago, and you can't house train it.

Ans: (i) I wish I could train it.

(ii) If only I had a trainer.

Unit - 11

Events and Sequences

1. Change the following sentences, using 'when¹ instead of 'and' or 'but'.

(a) She peeled the banana and gave it to the baby.

Ans: When she peeled the banana, she gave it to the baby.

(b) I looked in the fridge and found some sausages.

Ans: When I looked in the fridge, I found some sausages.

(c) The security man searched our hand baggage and we boarded the plane.

Ans: When the security men had searched our hand baggage, we boarded the plane.

(d) He kicked the dog and it barked.

Ans: When he kicked the dog, it barked.

(e) I went to the duty free shop and bought a cartoon of Gouloises.

Ans: When I had gone to the duty free shop I bought a carton of Gouloises.

(f) The plane took off and the stewardess came round with orange juice.

Ans: When the plane .had taken off, the stewardess came round with orange juice.

(g) He drank the coffee and asked for another cup.

Ans: When he had drunk the coffee, he asked for another cup.

(h) I paid my bill and left the restaurant.

Ans: When I had paid the bill, I left the restaurant.

(i) He put his foot on the brake but nothing happened.

Ans: When he put his foot on the brake, nothing happened.

(j) I read the letter and threw it into the wastepaper basket.

Ans: When I had read the letter, I threw it into the waste paper basket.

(k) I read his autobiography and discovered what a strong person he had been.

Ans: When I read his autobiography, I discovered what a strong person he had been.

2. Change the following sentences below, using either as soon as + past or as soon as + past perfect.

(a) They saw the house and immediately fell in love with it.

Ans: As soon as they saw the house, they fell in love with it.

(b) I wrote the letter and posted it straight away.

Ans: As soon as I had written the letter, I posted it away.

(c) He got his exam result and immediately rang up his parents.

Ans: As soon as he had got his exam result, he rang up his parents.

(d) The train passed and immediately the crossing barrier went up.

Ans: The train passed as soon as the crossing barrier went up.

(e) He got married again immediately after his wife's death.

Ans: As soon as his wife had died, he got married again.

(f) He left the house straight after breakfast.

Ans: As soon as he had had breakfast, he left the house.

(g) I looked into her eyes and knew immediately that she was the girl for me.

Ans: As soon as I looked into her eyes, I knew that she was the girl for me.

3. Look at the examples below and do the activities as it is in the example. Example:

(i) Turned off the mains/touched the wire.

A: He turned off the mains before he touched the wire.

B: He didn't touch the wire until he had turned off the mains.

C: He got the job done.

(ii) Touched the wire/turned off the mains.

A: He didn't turn off the mains before he touched the wire.

B: He touched the wire before he had turned off the mains.

C: He was electrocuted

(a) Resigned/found another job

Ans: A: He didn't find another job before he resigned.

B: He resigned before he had found another job.

C: He was jobless until he got the next job.

(b) Checked his change/left the shop.

Ans: A: He checked his change before he left the shop.

B: He didn't leave the shop until he had checked his change.

C: He was not cheated.

(c) Started driving the car/insured it.

Ans: A: He didn't insure the car before he started driving it.

B: He started driving the car before he had insured it.

C: He didn't get any money when the car crashed.

(d) Signed the contract read it.

Ans: A: He didn't read the contract before he signed it.

B: He signed the contract before he had read it.

C: He was cheated very badly.

(e) Fastened her seat belt/drove off

Ans: A: She fastened her seat belt before she drove off.

B: She didn't drive off until she had fastened her seat belt.

C: She wasn't hurt badly in the accident.

(f) Bought the shoes/tried them on

Ans: A: He didn't try the shoes on before he bought them.

B: He bought the shoes before he had tried them on.

C: The shoes didn't fit him.

4. Write two sentences for each pairs of events below, showing that the person did them in the right order.

(i) Read the instructions/switch on the machine

Ans: (a) Very sensibly, he read the instruction before he switched on the machine.

(b) Very sensibly, he didn't switch on the machine until he had read the instruction.

(ii) Measure the room/order the carpet.

Ans: (a) Very wisely, he measured the room before he ordered the carpet,

(b) Very wisely, he didn't order the carpet until he had measured the room.

(iii) Check his answers/leave the exam room.

Ans: (a) Sensibly, he checked his answers before he left the exam room.

(b) Sensibly, he didn't leave the exam room until he had checked his answers.

(iv) Have their house decorated/put it up for sale.

Ans: (a) They had their house decorated before they put it up for sale.

(b) They didn't put their house up for sale until they had it decorated,

(v) Turn off the electric blanket/get into bed.

Ans: (a) Sensibly, they turned off the electric blanket before they got into bed.

(b) Sensibly, they didn't get into bed before they had turned off the electric blanket.

5. Explain the newspaper headline below as examples (a) using ... had only just ... when ... (b) no sooner had .. than. Example: Bomb attack: president leaves palace just in time.

Ans: (a) The president had only just left the palace when a bomb exploded in his office,

(b) No sooner had the president left the palace than a bomb exploded in his office.

(i) Peace talks break down on first day.

Ans: (a) The peace talks had only just started when they broke down on first day.

(b) No sooner had the peace talks started than they broke down on first day.

(ii) Manchester Player breaks leg in first minute of match.

Ans: (a) The match had only just started when a Manchester's player broke his leg.

(b) No sooner had the match started than a Manchester's Player broke his leg.

(iii) New king abdicates

Ans: (a) The new king had only just started to reign when he decided to abdicate,

(b) No sooner had the king started to reign than he decided to abdicate.

(iv) Jewel thief caught red handed

Ans: (a) The thief had only just broken into the jewel shop when people saw and caught him.

(b) No sooner had the thief broken into the jewel shop than people saw and caught him.

(v) Missing first husband ruins honeymoon.

Ans: (a) They had only just started their honeymoon when the woman's missing first husband arrived and disturbed them.

(b) No sooner had they started their honeymoon than the woman’s missing first husband appeared and disturbed them.

5. Develop the sentences below describing a narrow escape using

(a) … had only just . ..

(b) No sooner had…..than

(i) The audience came out of the cinema....

Ans: (a) The audience had only just come out of the cinema when a bomb exploded in the hall.

(b) No sooner had the audience come out of the cinema than a bomb exploded in the hall.

(ii) I left the island .......

Ans: (a) I had only just left the island when the volcano exploded.

(b) No sooner had I left the island than the volcano exploded.

(iii) I changed all my dollars into sterling .

Ans: (a) I had only just changed all my dollars into sterling when the value of dollars went down.

(b) No sooner had I changed all my dollars into sterling than the value of dollars went down.

(iv) We got the harvest in ...

Ans: (a) We had only just got the harvest in when it started raining heavily.

(b) No sooner had we got the harvest in than it started raining heavily.

(v) She insured the painting......

Ans: (a) She had only just insured the painting when it was stolen.

(b) No sooner had she insured the painting than it was stolen.

6. Write two sentences showing how the following pairs of events happened in rapid succession (a) using 'only just' (b) using 'no sooner'.

(i) My grandfather retired/he had a heart attack.

Ans: (a) My grandfather had only just retired when he had a heart attack.

(b) No sooner had my grandfather retired than he had a heart attack.

(ii) The Wilkinson went to bed/ Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise.

Ans: (a) The Wilkinson had only just gone to bed when Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise.

(b) No sooner had the Wilkinsons gone to bed than Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise.

(iii) The plane took off/three hijackers walked into the cabin.

Ans: (a) The plane had only just taken off when three hijackers walked into the cabin.

(b) No sooner had the plane taken off than three hijackers walked into the cabin.

(iv) I sat down to watch my favorite programme/some friends turned up

Ans: (a) I had only just sat down to watch my favorite programme when some friends turned up.

(b) No sooner had I sat down to watch my favorite programme than some friends turned up.

(v) The new exhibition hall was opened/it was destroyed by fire.

Ans: (a) The new exhibition hall had only just been opened when it was destroyed by fire.

(b) No sooner had the new exhibition hall been opened than it was destroyed by fire.

Unit – 12

Comparison

1. Compare the prices using.... 'as expensive as'

(a) Tinned peas: 25 P frozen Peas: 48 P

Ans: Frozen peas are about twice as expensive as tinned peas.

(b) Cotton Sheets: $ 14 Silk Sheets: $ 150

Ans: Silk Sheets are about eleven times as expensive as cotton sheets.

(c) Oliveoil:$2 Corn Oil : 99P [100p=1$]

Ans: Olive oil is about twice as expensive as corn oil.

(d) Leather gloves : $ 8 Woolen gloves: $ 2.75

Ans: Leather gloves are about three times as expensive as woolen gloves.

(e) Colour TV: S 310, black and white TV: $ 60

Ans: Colour TV is about five times as expensive as black and white TV.

2. Write the names of the given adjectives below:

(a) expensive - price thick - thickness

(b) deep - depth long - length

(d) wide - width fast - speed

3. Change these sentences below into comparative sentences using (a) than (b) as…… as

(i) The exam isn't usually very difficult, but this year it was quite tough.

Ans: (a) The exam was tougher this year than it usually is.

(b) The exam was not as easy this year as it usually is.

(ii) I had imagined my landlady would be in her fifties, but she turned out to be thirty.

Ans: (a) My landlady was much younger than I had imagined.

(b) My landlady wasn't as old as l had imagined,

(iii) His parents would like him to work hard, but he doesn't.

Ans: (a) His parents would like him to work harder than he does.

(b) He doesn't work as hard as his parents would like him to do.

(iv) The washing machine makes a lot of noise, although it used to be fairly quiet.

Ans: (a) The washing machine is noisier than it used to be.

(b) The washing machine isn't as quiet as it used to be.

(v) You said I would enjoy the film, but in fact I didn't like it much.

Ans: (a) I enjoyed the film less than you said I would do.

(b) I didn't enjoy the film as much as you said I would do.

(vi) I had hoped to do quite a lot of work today, but I've only managed to do a little.

Ans: (a) I have worked less today than I had hoped to do.

(b) I haven't done as much work today as I had hoped to do.

(vii) Fifty people had been invited, but eighty came.

Ans: (a) More people came than they had been invited.

(b) People didn't come as few as they had been invited.

4. Express the meaning of the sentences below with another comparative sentence, beginning with the words given.

(a) Those children ought to go to bed much earlier than they do.

Ans: Those children go to bed much late than they ought to.

(b) He's not supposed to drink quite as much as he does.

Ans: He drinks much more than he is supposed to.

(c) We hadn't expected them to arrive as early as they did.

Ans: They arrived much earlier than we had expected them to.

(d) I've never been as frightened as I was during that flight.

Ans: During that flight I was much more frightened than I've ever been.

(e) I had thought the room would be more expensive than it actually was.

Ans: The room was actually far less expensive than I had thought it to be.

(f) There are more foreign tourists this year than there have ever been before.

Ans: There have never been as many foreign tourists as they are this year.

(g) You didn't need to get up nearly as early as you did.

Ans: You got up much earlier than your needed.

(h) I would have liked to stay longer than I was able to.

Ans: Unfortunately, I couldn't stay as long as I would have liked to.

58. Rewrite these sentences, beginning with the words given, so that they mean the same.

(a) Having lessons is far more interesting than doing tests.

Ans: Doing tests isn't as interesting as having lessons.

(b) Your balcony is slightly bigger than ours.

Ans: Our balcony isn't slightly as big as yours.

(c) I'm doing this boring job now because I didn't go to university.

Ans: If I went to the university, I wouldn't be doing this boring job.

(d) I wrote the address and then I stuck the stamp on the envelope.

Ans: When I had written the address. I stuck the stamp on the envelope.

(e) She read the instruction before she started using the machine.

Ans: She didn't start using the machine before she read the instruction.

(f) I had only just hung out the washing when it started to rain.

Ans: No sooner had I hung out the washing than it started to rain.

5. Complete the sentences below so that they make sense.

(a) If I found $ 100 in the street

Ans: If I found $ 100 in the street, I would go to the police.

(b) Why didn't you tell me the buses were running again?

Ans: I needn't have walked.

(c) It was my fault. I had driven off without signaling.

Ans: It was my fault. I shouldn't have driven off without signaling.

(d) If I had known you were short of money, I could

Ans: If I had known you were short of money, I could have helped you.

(e) As soon as ..., I fell madly in love with her.

Ans: As soon as I saw her, I fell madly in love with her.

Unit- 13

Processes

1. Look at the prompts below and (a) join them using "when.." (b) add another sentence beginning with "When .." saying what you do next.

(i) Arrive/border —> show/passport —>

Ans: (a) When you arrive the border, you show your passport.

(b) When you have shown your passport, you go across the border.

(ii) water/boil —> pour/tea pot —>

Ans: (a) When water boils, you pour tea leaves etc into the tea pot.

(b) When you have poured, you boil until the tea is ready.

(iii) turn off / light —> change/bulb —>

Ans: (a) When you turn off the light, you change the bulb.

(b) When you have changed the bulb, you turn on the light.

(iv) Turn on/gas → light/gas→

Ans: (a) When you turn on the gas, you light it.

(b) When you have lit the gas, you cook food.

(v) meet/stranger —> shake/hands —>

Ans: (a) When you meet a strange, you shake hands with him/her,

(b) When you have shaken hands, you ask his/her name.

(vi) eat/meal —» pay/bill —»

Ans: (a) When you eat meal, you pay the bill.

(b) When you have paid the bill, you leave the hotel.

2. Make a list of what is involved in the following process and talk about each process using "When ..."

(a) Crossing the road.

List (i) Go to the zebra-crossing.

(ii) Look both ways and traffic signal.

(iii) Wait till the vehicles are stopped on both sides.

(iv) Gross the road carefully.

Paragraph:

When you want to cross the road, you should go to the zebra crossing. Then you should look both ways and also the traffic signal. When you see the traffic light turned red, all the vehicles stop-so, you should wait till the vehicles are stationary.

When the traffic is stopped, you should cross the road.

(b) Using a public telephone box:

List

(i) Wait in the line for your turn.

(ii) Buy the coin and drop it in the machine box.

(iii) Pick up the receiver and dial the number.

(iv) If the line is busy, redial the number till you get the line and hear the sound "hello"

(v) Talk short and to the point.

(vii) Hang up the receiver and leave the telephone booth.

Paragraph

When you want to telephone from the public telephone box, you have to wait for your turn. When you have your turn, you buy the coin and drop it in the machine. When you get the line you dial the number. When you find the line busy, you redial the number till you get the line and hear the sound "hello." Then you should talk short and to the point. When your talk is over, you hang up the receiver and leave the place for other people in the line.

(c) Mending a bicycle puncture.

List (i) Remove the inner tube form the tyre.

(ii) Pump up the tube and sink it in the water to locate the leak.

(iii) Take the air out and dry the tube and prepare the area near the hole,

(iv) Spread gum and place a patch over the hole and leave it to dry.

(v) Check to see whether there is any other leak.

(vi) Put back the tube.

Paragraph

When you have a puncture on your bicycle, you should remove the inner tube from the tyre. Then you should inflate the tube and immerse it to locate the leak. When you have marked the leak, you should deflate and dry the tube. Then you should spread gum and place a patch over the hole and leave it to dry. When it is dried, you should check by immersing the tube-when it is all right,-you should put the tube back.

3. Look at the example and write what order you should do these things in, and why as in the example.

Example: Cross the road/look both ways.

A : You should look both ways before you cross the road.

B : You shouldn't cross the road before/until you've looked both ways.

C : Otherwise, you might get run over,

(a) Wind the film on/close the camera

Ans: A : You should close the camera before you wind the film on.

B : You shouldn't wind the film on before/until you've closed the camera.

C : Otherwise you might spoil the film.

(b) Read the label/wash a blouse

Ans: A : You should read the label before you wash a blouse.

B : You shouldn't wash a blouse before/until you've read the label.

C : Otherwise you might damage the blouse.

(c) Change a fuse/turn off the mains

Ans: A : You should turn off the mains before you change a fuse.

B : You shouldn't change a fuse before/until you've turned off the mains.

C : Otherwise you might get electric shock.

(d) Pay the bill/check it.

Ans: A: You should check the bill before you pay it.

B: You shouldn't pay the bill until you have checked it.

C: Otherwise you might get cheated.

(e) Bandage a wound \clean it.

Ans: A: You should clean a wound before you bandage it.

B: You shouldn't bandage a wound until you have cleaned it.

C: Otherwise you might have infection.

(f) Listen to the weather forecast/go sailing.

Ans: A: You should listen to the weather forecast before you go sailing.

B: You shouldn't go sailing until you've listened to the weather forecast.

C: Otherwise your sailing might be unsuccessful.

(g) Buy your girl friend a ring/ask her to marry you.

Ans: A: You should buy your girl friend a ring before you ask her to marry you.

B: You shouldn't ask your girl friend to marry you until you have bought her a ring.

C: Otherwise she might reject to marry you.

(h) Wash your hands/eat

Ans: A: You should wash your hands before you eat.

B: You shouldn't eat until you have washed your hands.

C: Otherwise you might get an infection.

(i) Close your windows/go out.

Ans: A: You should close your windows before you go out.

B: You shouldn't go out until you have closed your windows.

C: Otherwise a thief might enter your house.

(j) Have some driving lesson/take your driving test.

Ans: A: You should have some driving lessons before you take your driving test.

B: You shouldn't take your driving test until you have had some driving lessons.

C: Otherwise you might fail the driving test.

(k) Clean your teeth/go to bed.

Ans: A: You should clean your teeth before you go to bed.

B: You shouldn't go to bed until you have cleaned your teeth.

C: Otherwise your teeth might decay soon.

4. What happens in the following processes?

(a) When you put a lump of ice in a glass of lemonade.

Ans: It melts

(b) When you leave a pullover in hot water.

Ans: It shrinks

(c) When you leave liquid cement on the ground.

Ans: It sets

(d) when you leave a bowl of water outside in the sun.

Ans: It evaporates

(e) When you leave a bowl of water outside at the South Pole.

Ans: It freezes.

(f) When you leave a bowl of hot water in front of a mirror.

Ans: It condenses.

(g) Put a lump of sugar in your coffee.

Ans: It dissolves

(h) Blow into a balloon.

Ans: It expands

(i) Pour cold water into hot metal.

Ans: It contracts

(j) Leave rice in a bowl of water.

Ans: It swells.

Unit -14 : Prediction

1. Change the sentences below using sure to, certain to, bound to, likely to and unlikely to.

(a) The price of bread will definitely go up within a few weeks.

Ans: The price of bread is sure to go up within a few weeks.

(b) There will probably be more fighting in the capital.

Ans: There is likely to be more fighting in the capital.

(c) He probably won't arrive.

Ans: He is unlikely to arrive.

(d) I expect there will be lots of people at the meeting.

Ans: There are likely to be lots of people at the meeting.

(e) I doubt if the miners will go on strike.

Ans: The miners are unlikely to go on strike.

(f) There probably won't be much snow this winter.

Ans: There is unlikely to be much snow this winter

(g) There will definitely be a few tickets left.

Ans: There are certain to be a few tickets left.

(h) I doubt if they will move this summer.

Ans: They are unlikely to move this summer.

(i) I'm sure a new chairman will be appointed soon.

Ans: A new chairman is sure to be appointed soon.

(j) The govt. probably won't make the wearing of seat belt compulsory.

Ans: The govt. is unlikely to make the wearing of seat belts compulsory.

(k) In ten years time even/one will have a digital watch.

Ans: In ten years' time everyone is likely to have a digital watch.

(l) By the end of the century, cars will probably be obsolete.

Ans: By the end of the century, cars are likely to be obsolete.

2. Give two pieces of advice (one positive and one negative) in response to the remarks below. In each case make a prediction) to explain your advice.

Example: Do you think I should learn Chinese?

Ans: (a) Yes, you should-it's sure to help you get a job.

(b) I wouldn't - you're unlikely to use it very much.

(i) I was thinking of building a swimming pool in the garden.

Ans: (a) Yes, you should-you're sure to enjoy in the summer.

(b) I wouldn't - you're unlikely to manage money.

(ii) Perhaps I should take a week off work.

Ans: (a) Yes, you should-you're likely to take rest.

(b) I wouldn't - you're unlikely to pass the time.

(iii) I can't decide whether to buy the house or not,

Ans: (a) Yes, you should-you're sure to get it cheap now.

(b) I wouldn't - your family is unlikely to like it.

(iv) They've sent me the wrong size, shall I write and complain?

Ans: (a) Yes, you should - they're bound to send the right size.

(b) I wouldn't - they're likely to quarrel with you.

(v) I think I will take the car when I go to London.

Ans: (a) Yes, you should - you're sure to come back in time.

(b) I wouldn't - you're unlikely to get space for parking,

3. For each of the questions below write (a) one optimistic prediction and (b) a pessimistic prediction. Use the ideas in brackets or ideas of your own. Use - as long as, if, provided (that), unless.

(i) Will he win the championship? (Bad temper?)

Ans: (a) Provided he doesn't lose his temper, there is good chance that he will win the championship.

(b) Unless he can control his bad temper, he is unlikely to win the championship.

(ii) Will the murderer be caught? (Witnesses?)

Ans: (a) If they find the witnesses, they're sure to catch the murderer.

(b) Unless they find the witnesses, they're unlikely to catch the murderer.

(iii) Will she get to university? (Exam-results?)

Ans: (a) If she passes the exam, she is sure to get to university.

(b) Unless she passes the exam, she is unlikely to get to university,

(iv) Will the party be a success? (How many people?)

Ans: (a) If many people attend the party, it will be a success.

(b) Unless many people attend, the party is unlikely to be a success.

(v) Will the company survive? (Strikes?)

Ans: (a) Provided that the strikes are avoided, the company is sure to survive.

(b) Unless the strikes are avoided, the company is unlikely to survive.

Unit -15 : News

1. Rewrite the following remarks using "supposed to"

(a) Apparently elephants have very long memory.

Ans: Elephants are supposed to have very long memory.

(b) People say it is unlucky to walk under a ladder.

Ans: It is supposed to be unlucky to walk under a ladder.

(c) They say there is a monster in Loch Ness.

Ans: There is supposed to be a monster in Loch Ness.

(d) Apparently Marilyn Monroe was an insomniac.

Ans: Marilyn Monroe is supposed to have been an insomniac.

(e) I'm told that garlic stops you catching cold.

Ans: Garlic is supposed to stop you catching a cold.

(f) Apparently Venice is slowly sinking into the sea.

Ans: Venice is supposed to be slowly sinking into the sea.

(g) I'm told that he was a lorry driver at on time.

Ans: He is supposed to have been a lorry driver at one time.

(h) They say the universe is expanding all the time.

Ans: The universe is supposed to be expanding all the time.

(i) People say she was born on board a ship.

Ans: She is supposed to have been born on board a ship.

2. Answer these questions making it clear that your answers are based on hearsay and not on personal knowledge or experience. Use supposed to, apparently, I hear, I'm told, people say.

(a) Do you know if Alsatians make good pets?

Ans: Alsatians are supposed to make good pets.

(b) What does it feel like to be hypnotized

Ans: people say that a hypnotized person follows what you say.

(c) I'm thinking of going to see (Hindi Movie). Do you know what it is like?

Ans: I am told that "gajini” is very interesting film.

(d) I wonder what is happening in (name of country in the news?)

Ans: I hear there is civil war in Russia.

(e) What do you think (famous person) is like as a person?

Ans: Apparently, Mother Teresa is a great immortal figure.

3. Look at the example and report the other sentences in the same way.

Example: People think that the capita is still in the hands of rebel troops.

Ans: (a) It is thought that the capital is still in the hands of rebel troops.

(b) The capital is thought to be still in the hands of rebel troops.

(i) Some people report that the American govt. is worried about the situation.

Ans: (a) It is reported that the American govt. is worried about the situation.

(b) The American govt. is reported to be worried about the situation,

(ii) Sources estimate that more than 100 people have died in the past two days.

Ans: (a) It is estimated that more than 100 people have died in the past two days.

(b) More than 100 people are estimated to have died in the past two days.

(iii) Everyone knows that the rebel's weapons came across the border by road.

Ans: (a) It is known that the rebel's weapons came across the border by road.

(b) The rebel's weapons are known to have come across the border by road.

(iv) A lot of people believe that the president is about to resign.

Ans: (a) It is believed that the president is about to resign.

(b) The president is believed to be about to resign,

(v) People say that the revels are winning.

Ans: (a) It is said that the rebels are winning.

(b) The rebels are said to be winning.

Part – Two

THE HERITAGE OF WORDS

1. Grandmother

–Ray Young Bear

1. Summarize the poem 'Grandmother.'

Ans: The poem ‘Grandmother’ was composed by an American Indian poet Ray Young Bear. He was born in 1950 in mesquaki tribe. In the poem, the poet depicts a picture of his grandmother: all-loving and all-inspiring. Metaphorically, the poem ‘Grandmother’ has connection with Mesquaki tribe and the identity of the poet.

The poet expresses his attachment and intimacy with his grandmother. Though his grandmother is no more with him, her image with the purple scarf and the plastic shopping bag, her impression and behavior lead him to the past. At the present moment the image becomes vivid and as fresh as earlier. He loves her so much because she is loving and inspiring. He claims that he could easily recognize her shape from a mile away. When she touched on his head with her hands, he would feel warm and damp hands with the smell of roots. Not only this, he would also easily know her words coming from the rock. These words would flow inside him and inspire him to choose the right path. Therefore, her image, words and love creates nostalgic feeling to the poet. Still now, there is deep stamp of grandmother’s love and reminiscences in to his mind.

Metaphorically, the poet is Ray Young Bear’s attempt to reflect the vanishing native roots of the Native American tribes, specially the Mesquaki tribe. Metaphorically, ‘Grandmother’ is the representative of Mesquaki tribe and its culture, values and traditions. The rituals, culture and traditions of Native Americans are being overtaken by the white people and the natives have been marginalized. ‘The smell of roots’ refers to the vanishing ancestral culture and tradition lying dead in the grave. ‘A voice coming from the rock’ suggests that his grandmother has died now so her words are coming from the tombstone. Similarly, ‘sleeping fire’ refers to the vanishing Red Indian culture as well as poor condition of the poet in Mesquaki tribe. Overall, the poem gives a metaphorical expression of the painful awareness of the identity loss.

The poem in a sense deals with the images that appear to our different senses. For instance, the images of purple scarf plastic shopping bag, sleeping fire and night appeal to our sense of sight. The smell of roots refers to our sense of smell. Similarly, the voice coming from the rock and her words appeals to our sense of sound. ‘Warm and damp hands’ appeals to our sense of touch. Thus, all his senses are affected by the memory of his grandmother excepting the sense of taste.

2. What impression grandmother does the speaker give in the poem? [HSEB Exam 2056]

Ans: The speaker finds his grandmother all loving and all inspiring. He has her deep impression in his mind. He remembers four things about his grandmother such as her plastic shopping bag, purple scarf, warm and damp hands and her voice. His grandmother is the representative of cultures of Mesquaki tribe so that all her impression represents the deep rooted cultural impression of his own tribe among American-Indian people.

6. What is the central idea of the poem? -o; sljtfsf] d'Vo ljrf/ s] xf] <_

Ans: The cruel time, by transfiguring the poet's physical appearance and making him old, has made him weak and ugly as a result he is isolated; hence the poet is angry in "The Lamentation of old Pensioner".

By contrasting his past and present the poet expresses his hatred towards time, which is responsible for his loneliness. Before the time transfigured him he was so happy to share the moments with friends, discussing politics and with girls, expressing love. But now though other people keep themselves busy with their business, the poet can do nothing more than concentrating over the cruel time. He does it because not even a single girls turns her face to him, however, he consoles himself and gives a challenge to the time that it my disfigure his physical appearance but it can't disfigure the imagination and memories. The poet finally spits which is the excess of his anger, into the face of time as it is responsible for all the inconveniences caused to him.

3. What images do you find in this poem 'Grand mother'?

Ans: This poem is full of images and perhaps the poet presents his grandmother as symbolic images of the whole mother which gives birth to the human beings and also teaches the lesson of struggle and existence. This poem is full of images -ljDjx¿_ that appeal to our different senses like feel, smell, touch and sight etc. For example, the images of purple scarf, plastic shopping bag, hands, head, rock, light, stirring ashes, sleeping fire and night appeal to our sense of sight. In the same way, his grandmother's warm and damp hands appeal to our sense of smell. And the voice coming from the rock and her words appeal to our sense of sound or hearing. In this way, through different images attached to his grandmother's past memories he successfully pays his deep homage ->4f_ to her.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the main idea of the poem 'Grandmother' by Ray Young Bear? [HSEB Exam 2063] OR What is the central idea of the poem?

OR What is the theme of the poem?

Ans: The central idea of the poem is American Indian's search for identity. The identity of Mesquaki is vanishing due to the influence of white American culture. Grandmother is the representative of American Indian culture. Existence of any tribe depends on their culture so that the poet suggests that they have to save their culture for their identity.

2. How does the speaker feel towards his grandmother?

Ans: The poet feels deep sense of intimacy towards his grandmother whom he finds all loving and all inspiring.

3. What are the four things that Ray Young Bear remembers about his grandmother? [HSEB Exam 2057]

Ans: Her plastic shopping bag, purple scarf, warm and damp hands and her voice are the four things the poet remembers about his grandmother. Because of her purple scarf and plastic shopping he could recognize damp hands. When she puts them on his head. He remembers her loving and inspiring voice.

2. ABOUT LOVE

–Anton Chekhov

1. Summarize the story 'About Love.'

Ans: “About Love” is a famous and interesting love story written by Russian short story writer Anton Chekhov. In this story, the writer has proved that love is not bound with martial relation. The writer also claims that love is so strange and mysterious that whenever we have read and heard about love can’t solve the problem of love. Similarly, the writer has declared that love is not happiness. It becomes a source of dissatisfaction and irritation if we start reasoning about love.

In this story, Alyohin, a narrator is a main character. He is a graduated person but he chose to be busy in farming with his servants because his land was heavily mortgaged by his parents partly for his study. He was working and living his own land, a large state. One morning Alyohin was having breakfast with his friends (Burkin and Ivan). Alyohin told them about the love affairs first about his servants and then about his own. In the story, the writer talks about expressed love of Nikanor and Palegeya and unexpressed love of Alyohin and Anna.

According to Alyohin, a cook Nikanor and maid Palegeya, are in love. Their love is an expressed, physical and romantic. Nikanor loves Palegeya and wants to marry her. However, he is a religious one, he drinks alcohol and beats her. Paleyega also loves him very much. Nevertheless, on contrary, she wants to live with him just so without marriage. Paleyega has western concept of love because she doesn’t want to marry Nikanor.

Then he tells his own love affair with a girl with whom he lived while he was studying in Moscow. He loved her but the girl would only think about the money that he would provide her for housekeeping and for other purposes since their love was conditioned by money it can be categorized under material love, a selfish love.

At the same time while he was telling the love story of Nikanor and Paleyega and his own, he remembers about his love affair to Anna, a young married woman. One Alyohin was elected honorary justice and he had to go to the town. There he had a good friendship with Mr. Luganovich, an assistant president of the circuit court. Alyohin was invited by Luganovich to have a dinner at his home and Alyohin got opportunity to see his beautiful wife, Anna Alexeyevna. Alyohin was influenced by her beauty and she was also influenced by his physical structure. They fell in love but couldn’t express their love. Anna, the mother of a baby, was really younger and beautiful. Her image began to move in Alyohin’s mind all the time. Anna also found Alyohin younger and smarter than her husband.

One day, Alyohin met her in a party. He found her more beautiful than before. They would go to see a play in theatre. Then Alyohin visited her frequently. He didn’t express his love because he did not like to destroy the conjugal life of his friend. He was uncertain about his own economic condition and love for her. Anna also could not express her love because she was married. Slowly and gradually, she began moody because of her unfulfilled desire. In fact, she became psychologically ill. According to the doctor’s suggestion, she had to go to Crimea for mental treatment.

As Anna set out to Crimea, many people came to see her off. She boarded the train. She had forgotten to take her basket so Alyohin rushed to her with the basket. She was desperately sitting in the compartment. When their eyes met, the spiritual strength deserted both of them. Then he embraced her in his arm. She pressed her face on his breast. He kissed her and confessed his love. Then he realized that their love was hindered by some unimportant but fatal questions. Both of them cried and departed. Actually, Alovohin did not give any importance to her physical or economic condition but simply loved her. So, we can say that it was a pure love or spiritual love.

His condition, therefore was like a squirrel that rushes around in a cage because just like the squirrel cannot come out of the cage breaking iron bars, Alyohin could not come out of his poor economic condition and could not fight against the fatal questions that were the hindrance of his love. Despite being a scholar he was condemned to work in his field being penniless and despite being young he was a lovelorn bachelor.

1. Sketch the character of Alyohin. [HSEB Exam 2062]

Ans: Alyohin is an ordinary educated man who faces dissatisfaction -;Gt'li6_ and hindrance -afwf_ in love. After completing his university education he started to work in the farm because his father had taught him mortgaging -aGbsL /fv]/_ the land. He used to do hard work in the field but always became penniless -k};f gePsf] due to unfertile land. He was selected honorary justice of the peace of the area so that he used to go to the town to take part in the session of circuit court time and again -k6s–k6s_. He fell in love with his friend's wife, Anna. He did not express his love openly because he did not want to destroy the life of her children and husband, whole family. If he had expressed his love and married with her he could not bring excitement -pT;fx_ and happiness in her life and his life due to poverty. He expressed his love openly with Anna in eleventh hour -clGtd 38Ldf_ that was only agony -kL8f_ for him. He first fell in love with a girl while he was studying in university, was also meaningless because she did not understand his feelings and desires. Alyohin is seen, one of the failure characters in love in the story. His life is seen full of tension and difficulties.

3. Why is Alyohin comnpared with "Squirrel in case" in the story 'About love'? Elaborate. [HSEB Exam 2069]

Ans: Alyohin is said to rush around like squirrel in a cage and this judgment is repeated in the final paragraph. This repetition is very much significant. Alyohin is an ordinary educated man with the knowledge of languages and intellectual sensibilities. But instead of involving in scholarly activities, he is living a life of a simple farmer which limits the scope of his life. In this sense the first judgement is made by Luganovich family that he is rushing around like a Squirrel in a case. The same judgment is repeated by his friends when he finishes telling his love story. Alyhohin tells his love story so skillfully and beautifully that his friends are greatly impressed by his intelligence and skill. Such a person who can tell stories with such a candor, with kindness and intelligence is living a life of an ordinary farmer. So, his friends are sorry for him and make this judgement. The mplication is that he should have been an artist, or a writer, not an ordinary farmer.

Short Answer Questions:

1. How does Alyohin define love? [HSEB Exam 2056, 2064]

Ans: Alyohin defines love as a 'great mystery'. The definition of love, fit one case doesn't apply to a dozen others. For some persons love is the source of happiness and satisfaction whereas -hals_ for others it is the source of dissatisfaction and irritation. Every case of love should explain separately without generalizing. Each case should be individualized.

2. Tell about love between Pelageya and Nikanor.

Ans: Please see in the second paragraph of Q.No. 1, page 78

3. Why did Anna and Alyohin try to hide their deep love?

Ans: Anna and Alyohin tried to hide their deep love because Anna was a married woman who had two children. If Alyhoin or she expressed their love openly the Luganovich's family would be ruined -vtd_. The friendship between Luganovic and Alyohin could be broken Anna's mother used to treat Luganovich as her son. Moreover, Alyohin did not have economic condition good enough to give satisfaction to Anna, if he married her.

4. Compare two love stories in the story 'About Love'?

Ans: Love between Nikanor and Pelageya is physical love while the love between Anna and Alyohin is spiritual love. Nikanor and Pelageya express their love openly. Nikanor wants to marry Pelageya but she wants to stay 'just so'. Alyohin and Anna could not express their love. There is no physicality in their love. They don't express it. Both of them burn internally. It has become the source of dissatisfaction and hindrance to them.

5. How does an account of the occasion and of the setting in which the narrative occurs affect our understanding of Alyohin?

Ans: The story is set in the country side. At the same time, the sky is gray and trees are drenched -leh]sf_ with rain. People would not go out They have only alternative -ljsNk_ either to say story or listen to it. Alyohin said his unsuccessful love story to his two guest. Burkin and Ivan. As he completes the story, the environment is seen bright and sunny after stopping rain. This suggest that after telling his sorrowful story to the guests, Alyohin could feel light and fresh. He feels free. He could start new life he wished.

3. THE LAMENTATION OF THE OLD PENSIONER

–W.B. Yeats

1. Summarize the poem 'The Lamentation of the Old Pensioner.'

Ans: The Lamentation of the Old Pensioner” is a philosophical poem composed by W.B. Yeats, a famous 20^th century modern Irish poet. In the poem, the poet has proven that time is supreme and nothing can stand before time. The poet also suggests that everybody likes to be young and nobody likes to be old. But it is time that makes us old one day. So, the poet presents his reminiscences of the past events and experiences of his young life. He becomes very sad when he compares and contrasts his time of youth with the present old age. He finds old age more painful and lonely than his young life.

According to the poem, the poet has now become old. He takes shelter under a broken tree because he has not got any other places for shelter. He remembers his good old unforgettable days with friends. In the past while he was young, he used to talk about love and politics among his friends. Many beautiful women loved him. So, his past was romantic and unforgettable. Now, he laments over his life because not a single woman comes near to him to talk about love. Nobody likes him and lives near him. At the present moment, he has become a matter of hatred. Therefore, he is sad and dissatisfied with his old age. His bygones days are like a dream to him.

At present people are busy to make weapons to fulfill their treacherous plan. They are busy to do some conspiracy. They are raising their voices against human tyranny. But the mind of the old man is filled with the experiences of the unforgettable past. When he compares present life with the past life he realizes that ‘Time has transfigured him from strong, energetic, vigorous and high spirited youth to a helpless, lonely and weak creature. Now, he has completely changed due to the course of ‘Time’ because it has the power to change us from young to old. At the present moment, his condition is miserable. He realizes that everything is changed because of time. So, he becomes angry to the time and wants to spit into the face of ‘Time’. He says, “I want to spit into the face of time/that has transfigured me”.

Though the cruel time reduces a person from young to old one, it cannot seize one’s memories. So, at this point the poet feels superior to the time and does not want to surrender in front of the time – rather wants to spit into the face of the time.

Thus, the poem makes us aware that we all become old one day and lament like the old pensioner due to the nature of ‘Time’. But we should not lament over the old age rather we should try to celibate it.

2. Write an essay on "Youth and Age."

Ans: Life is a journey from womb to tomb. A person has to cross different phases of life where if he lives a full life. A child of yesterday becomes a young today and old tomorrow. Eventually he or she disappears from the world and lives in his permanent home, the grave. So youth and old age are two sides of life. They are completely different but inseparable just like two sides of paper.

Youth is the most interesting and important phase of human life. A person becomes physically healthy and mentally sound in the phase. He or she becomes courageous to do any adventurous (risky) work. Youth is energetic and romantic too, young people keep interest in love and politics. Most of them don’t care about past and future but try to make the present perfect. They spend much time with friends in entertainment and creative activities too. If they make the best use of this phase, they can make their future bright. We find some young people misusing their time of youth and damaging their future.

Old age is rather miserable phase of human life. A person becomes physically weak and mentally forgetful. He or she spends much time at home remembering the happy days of his/her youth. He or she expects help from young people to do any work. He or she keeps interest not in romantic love but in family, love and religion. He or she wants to visit temples and so many other holy places. He or she likes to tell young people the story of young people according to his or her own experiences. However, unlike joyous youth, old age is bitter and painful. So, old people are very much passive, dull and pessimistic.

Short Answer Questions:

1. Why does the poet show his anger towards time?

Or How and why does the old pensioner lament?

[HSEB Exam 2061]

Or Why does the old man want to spit into the face of time? [HSEB Exam 2059 2068]

Ans: The poet shows his anger towards time because it has made his old and weak. No one takes care of him, he takes shelter under a broken tree and no women turn their faces towards him. When he was young he had many friends, they used to talk about love and politics. He was center of their attention. So many beautiful girls used to look at him. He fell in love. But now these things are only in his memory.

2. Mention the three things the old man laments about. Why is he lamenting about them?

Or What is the speaker lamenting on? [HSEB Exam 2062]

Ans: The speaker is lamenting on his energetic youth his friends and lovers. When was young he had many friends. They used to sit near the fire on the chair and used to talk about love and politics. He was in center of attention. But now he is far from all these things and passes lonely life.

3. Explain the title of the poem 'The Lamentation of the old Pensioner'.

Ans: The speaker of the poem is an old man who expresses his agony of old age. He is lamenting about his vigorous youth which was filled with friends and lovers. He is complaining about cruel time that transformed him. Therefore the title of poem 'The lamentation of the pensioner is suitable.

3. TWO LONG-TERM PROBLEMS: TOO MANY
PEOPLE, TOO FEW TREES

–Moti Nissani

Long Answer Questions:

1. What is the summary of the essay?

Ans: Moti Nissani says that the two long term problems are the problems of and deforestation. At the present time these problems have become the great challenge to the whole humanity. Now, the population of the world is increasing rapidly due to the nutrition, modern medicine, lower death rate, modernization and sanitation. Every year, in fact, the world's population grows by more than 80 million people. In every one hour 10,000 people are added to our total population. More people will need more food. To produce more food, we have to cut down the trees. Both town and villages will be over crowed and the quality of life will fall down. The land, water and air will be polluted. The environment will be polluted. At the present time, due to the overpopulation humans have been facing different kinds of diseases like cancer, asthma, hearing loss problem, contract epidemics and so many others. On the other hand, due to deforestation the world is losing creatures such as salamanders, species of frogs, penguins, dodo etc. Similarly, the deforestation will bring the frightening problems as desertification, depletion of nonrenewable resources (e.g.: petrol, natural gas, helium), acid rain, loss of wild species and plant, ozone layer depletion and green house effects.

Moti Nissani brings the issue of 1500 world's scientists' World's Scientists Warning to Humanity and the joint statement of U.S. National Academy and Royal Society of London regarding the condition of the present world. They are worried about the present condition of the world. According to the essay, Moti Nissani says that growth rate of population of Nepal is 2.5% because the average Nepali women gives birth to 5 children. In 1951 the population of Nepal was 9 million but less than a half century later the population rose to 21 million. If this rate is not checked, the total population of Nepal will be doubled in just 28 years. With the overpopulation, Nepal has to face all kinds of problems. Therefore, the future of Nepal seems to be very dark if the population is not controlled in time.

However, there are many remedies to solve these long term problems. We can save our forests by controlling the population and our appetite. Each person should be conscious about the environmental and ecological change. The people should be given education on deforestation and overpopulation. The government should invests lot of money for effective family planning to control the over population. There should be media campaigns to create awareness about the effects of overpopulation and deforestation. The conserver should be awarded. There should be greater efficiency in the use of wood - products and recycling. Reforestation and massive tree plantation can be done in the bare lands. People should smokeless Chulo that needs less fire woods. Moreover, Nissani states that we have to be conscious ourselves. He says that we know how and why to control overpopulation and deforestation but still we are lacking this knowledge to convert in to the reality.

2. How can you say that the world is facing overpopulation problem?

Ans: The diminishing natural resources, especially the forest, lead Nissani to the belief that the world is facing an overpopulation problem. Human beings are surrounded by the signs of global environmental decline which has boomeranged upon themselves because of their destructive activities to nature.

Furthermore, he comes to the point that more people will need even more food than they need now, and therefore, the process of deforestation will continue so that, eventually, wild trees are vanishing. Along with the increasing population the pollution of rivers, lakes, air, drinking water and soil increases. Thus, the quality of life and the value we place on human life is rapidly eroding. The document of UN in 1993 mentions, "population size and rates of growth are key elements in environmental change. At any level of development, increased population, increases energy use, resource consumption and environmental stress. Therefore, the more people the world has, the more severe these problems are likely to become".

2. Explain the links between overpopulation and deforestation.

[HSEB Exam 2058]

Or What are the causes, consequences and cures of over-population? [HSEB Exam 2061]

Or Explain the twin problems of overpopulation and deforestation.

Or How has Moti Nissani dealt with the problems of over population and deforestation?

Ans: In the eassay 'Two Long-Term Problems - Too many People, Too Few Trees' - Moti Nissani shows links between over population and deforestation. He has especially focused in the context of Nepal. (1) The first burning problem is over population. In the past, the world was not over populated because birth rate was slightly more than death rate. But after industrialization, advance in nutrition, sanitation and health, death rate dramatically decreased and population increased rapidly. World population is increasing frighteningly: 80 million people every year. (2) Now the world has already been overpopulated so that different types of disease such as cancer and asthma -bd_ are more common they were ever before. People have become deaf -alx/f_ in their early age due to sound pollution. Our environment is polluting day by day. Poison is mixed in our food to water. Different species of animals have been disappeared and some of them are in endangered condition soil erosion, deforestation, desertification and ozone layer depletion are taking place rapidly. As a result we have to face global warming flood, tropical disease and mass migration.

We can control population by the help of education, media campaign, effective family planning, equal opportunities for women economic sufficiency and so on. The second equally burning problem is deforestation due to rapid population growth and poverty. The people of developing country like Nepal are cutting down trees for their settlement -a;f]af;_ cultivation -v]tLkftL_ firewood, and for feeding animals. Rich countries are also equally responsible for destruction of forest because they use furniture, newspapers and other paper products. Different kind of pollution are also responsible for destruction of forest.

The destruction of forest invites soil erosion, flood, landslide, greenhouse effect, loss of various species of plants and animals, siltation of dams and rivers and global warming. This will ultimately lead to the collapse of earth if we don't check it on time. We can preserve our forest by controlling population growth, through massive afforestation -j[Iff/f]k0f_ reforestation -k'gM j[Iff/f]k0f_ and forest preserving programmes. We can use the appropriate technology like use of smokeless cooking stoves. There should be the provision -Joj:yf_ of award to those people who preserve forest and punishment to those who destroy forest.

Short Answer Questions

1. What are the causes of rapid population growth?

Ans: The causes of rapid population growth include advance in nutrition, sanitation and health, death rate dramatically decreased and population increased rapidly. World population is increasing frighteningly: 80 million people every year

2. What are the effects of rapid population growth?

Ans: the effects of overpopulation are different types of disease such as cancer and asthma -bd_ that are more common than they were ever before. People have become deaf -alx/f_ in their early age due to sound pollution. Our environment is polluting day by day. Poison is mixed in our food to water. Different species of animals have been disappeared and some of them are in endangered condition soil erosion, deforestation, desertification and ozone layer depletion are taking place rapidly. As a result we have to face global warming flood, tropical disease and mass migration.

3. What are the cures of rapid population growth?

Ans: We can control population by the help of education, media campaign, effective family planning, equal opportunities for women economic sufficiency and so on.

6. How can we preserve forest? [HSEB Exam 2062]

Or How can we stop deforestation?

Ans: We can preserve our forest by controlling population growth, through massive afforestation -j[Iff/f]k0f_ reforestation -k'gM j[Iff/f]k0f_ and forest preserving programmes. We can use the appropriate technology like use of smokeless cooking stoves. There should be the provision -Joj:yf_ of award to those people who preserve forest and punishment to those who destroy forest.

7. Are most of living Nobel Prize winners optimistic about the future of humanity? Why or Why not?

Ans: Yes, the most of living Nobel Prize winners are optimistic about the future of humanity. Over fifteen hundred of world scientist including Nobel Prize winner issued the document 'the World' scientist warming to Humanity in 1992. They have stated that human being and the natural world are in a collision course. Human activities inflict harsh and often irreversible -kl/jt{g ug{ g;lsg] damage on the environmentl and on critical resources. If we can check -/f]St_ our current activities and move in the path of sustainable development we can save our earth.

8. How can we save our forests?

Ans: If we controlling the rapid population growth and deforestation then we can save our forests. Population can be controlled by effective family planning and population education. We save the forests using wood products and recycling, giving financial incentives for preserving forests, replanting trees and also using smokeless chulo in our home.

4. FULL FATHOM FIVE THY FATHER LIES

–William Shakespeare

Long Answer Questions

1. What is the summary of the poem 'Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies?"

Ans: “Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies” is beautiful song taken from William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, Act I Scene II. The Spirit Ariel sings the song to Ferdinand, a prince of Naples, who mistakenly thinks that his father is drowned into the sea.

Ariel is a spirit who is a very comic and miraculous character. He flies up invisibly and plays music and song. In the given poem, he gives sympathy to Ferdinand, the prince of Naples, who is very sad on the death of his father. The Spirit Ariel tries to make the death meaningful with his melodious description. The Spirit Ariel says that Ferdinand’s father has been drowned into the sea. His body has been lying 30 feet below at the bottom of the sea. His bones have been changed into corals and eyes into pearls due to sea – change process. Nothings of his parts of the body have been destroyed. But his whole body has changed the sea into something valuable and strange. The sea nymphs are hourly ringing the death bell producing song ‘Ding-dong’. At last, the Spirit Ariel asks Ferdinand to listen the sound of the bell.

Thus, William Shakespeare through the song of Spirit Ariel talks about immortality of life. He means to say than life does not die but changes to other forms. So, the death of Ferdinand’s father is meaningful. Death is nothing but just a medium of changing life from one form to another. Life after death is permanent whereas life itself is ephemeral.

2. Write an essay on 'Life and Art.'

Ans: It seems to be difficult to define ‘life’ and ‘art’. Life is mysterious and art is the imitation (copy) of life. So life and art are interrelated parts. Life creates art and art provides delight to life. Without any interest in art is a dead life, so art and life are inseparable.

Art is related to creation and life is related to experience of happiness, sadness, laughter, tears, joy, certainties and uncertainties. But art brings success in life.

Life is transitory. It changes in different phrases in course of time. A small baby of yesterday becomes a young man today and old tomorrow. Eventually, he disappears from the world resting on the lap of death. Life comes across different sweet and sour events. Life is mixture of tears and smiles. Pain and pleasure are the friends of life. In other words, life is full of emotions, feelings, ideas and sentiments.

Art is the creation of life. It is permanent and immortal. Art makes life beautiful and meaningful. Art makes artist immortal. An artist lives in memory of people all the time after his death. Many literary artists show the relation between art and life. Some say that art is for the sake of life where as some say that art is only for art’s sake. However, life is itself the source of art and art is the source of joy. Art is life and life is art. Without art life seems to be meaningless and unattractive. The different forms of art like music, writing, singing, drawing, acting, dancing etc. make our life fruitful.

Short Answer Questions:

1. Is death meaningful in this poem?

Ans: Of course, the death is meaningful in this poem as the dead body of Ferdinand’s father has not decayed rather has got great transformation -kl/jt{g_. For example, his bones are changed into corals and his eyes are changed into pearls -df]tLx¿_. Even his death has been celebrated by the sea nymphs amidst -aLrdf_ the musical environment. The sound “Ding-Dong” makes the environment of the sea quite melodious.

2. What is the significance of Ding-dong in this poem? -Ding-dong eGg] w'gsf] o; sljtfdf s] dxŒj 5 <_

Ans: Ding-Dong is an onomatopoeic sound which has played great role to make the poem quite musical. This sound is also significant as it creates musical environment in the sea to celebrate the great death of Ferdinand’s father.

3. What is the central idea of the poem? -o; sljtfsf] d'Vo ljrf/ k|:t't u/ ._

Ans: 'Death is not the termination of life rather it is the beginning of something strange and precious' is the central idea of the poem 'Full Fathom Five Thy Father Lies'. Ariel, a machinery creature tries to convince the prince that all the parts of his "mistakenly" dead father have changed into something precious and strange for example: eyes into pearls, bone into coral etc. No parts of his father gets decayed being useless rather that turns into coral etc. No parts of his father get decayed being useless, rather turn into a significant one. Even the sea nymphs honor the death of his father hence they ring the bell every hour. Thus by singing melodiously using alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeic poetic qualities Ariel convinces the prince that his father's death is not the end but it's the beginning of something important a gateway to a more wonderful and precious world.

5. HURRIED TRIP TO AVOID A BAD STAR

–M. Lilla and C. Bishop Berry

Long Answer Questions

1. Summarize the essay 'Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star.'

Ans: The people of Karnali zone depend economically upon the lowland regions to the south, especially Nepalgunj. Most of the people are farmers. But their farm product is not sufficient to them because it can’t support them. So they have to sell and buy things for their day to day livelihood. According to the writers, the people of Karnali carry different local products such as herbs, sweaters, baskets, blankets and so on to Nepalgunj to sell them there. Some people take Silajit with them and sell it Nepalgunj. After selling their products, they return with cotton cloths, jewelry, pots, spice and distillery equipment to Karnali. Some people go to the lowland regions to get government and private jobs. However, mostly people are uneducated and superstitious. People of Karnali, moreover, combine their farming with trading. They have been struggling for their livelihood.

People of Karnali are conservative and they follow the good star when they leave their homes. Similarly, they are not aware of ecological and environmental degradation. The skeletal looking SAL trees indicate about the exploitation of nature. It shows that they are indifferently cutting down the trees and they are not worried about the jungle and their own future. They are only solving the present problem. It seems that they are not conscious of their future. They don’t know the fatal consequences of the degradation of nature. Actually they are hopeless because they must solve their present problem.

Short Answer Questions:

1. How is Karnali linked economically with the low land regions to the south? [HSEB 2057, 2061, 2063 and 2068]

Ans: Karnali is economically linked with the low land regions -;dtn e"–efu_ to the south in these aspects – the people of remote areas like Jumla and Sinja entirely depend on the low land regions or Terai in order to sell their products like medicinal herbs, hashish, hand-knit sweaters, blankets and many more. In return, they take all the necessary items like cotton clothes, salt, sweets and dishes to make wine. Even the people of Karnali region come down to the Terai or lowland regions for employment and to solve their day to day problems of existence. Most of these people are seen in the lowland regions like Nepalgunj, working in different occupations for their livelihood. Only depending on agriculture their villages is not sufficient to run their life, therefore, the villagers in this region are forced to work in lowland regions. In this way, Karnali is linked economically with the lowland regions.

2. What does the skeletal looking Sal tree indicate about the exploitation of nature? -s+sfn h:tf] b]lvg] ;fnsf] ¿vn] k|fs[lt ljgf;sf] s:tf] t:jL/ lbG5 <_

Ans: The skeletal looking Sal tree indicates the rapidly growing deforestation in Karnali zone. It also indicates the fact that people from Karnali are not aware of the deforestation, it may be due to their illiteracy but the fact is that the day is not so far when people living in Karnali Zone will extremely suffer from natural disasters.

3. Explain the title of the essay "Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star". -"Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star" eGg] zLif{ssf] af/]df j0f{g u/ ._

Ans: The title of the essay suggests that people from Karnali Zone are very superstitious believing in unseen power. While going to Terai to sell their products they often take their journey very quickly to avoid the influence of the bad star (bad luck). Hence,, they believed in hurried trip, therefore, they set out from their home very quickly and spent their time somewhere in the middle of their way (in Jungle) to process silajit and other medicinal herbs.

4. What is Silajit? What are its medicinal uses? [HSEB Exam 2070]

Ans: Silajit is a tarlike deposit that oozes form the rocks mostly in the home valley of Sinja. It is a type of medicine which costs 60 rupees for a flat ten-ounce disc in Nepalganj, but it is expensive in India. The medical uses of Silajit are a lot. It cures stomach diseases, provides energy and makes one fresh and healthy. People eat it boiled with milk. The processed Silajit cleans the insides and makes the user pure and strong.

5. What did the two writers learn about the life and culture of the people of Karnali region during their Journey on foot? [HSEB Exam 2068]

Ans: The learnt that the life of people of Karnali zone is very difficult. The land is unfertile and uneven so that agricultural production is not sufficient therefore they do search side job in Nepalgunj and other cities. They sell medicinal herbs, hand-knit sweaters in Nepalgunj and buy necessary goods like untensils, clothes, and foods and so on. People are simple, innocent and traditional. There is lack of education, transportation and other facilities.

7. TRAVELING THROUGH THE DARK

–William Stafford

Long Answer Questions

1. Summarize the poem 'Travelling Through the Dark.'

Ans: “Travelling Through the Dark” is a short beautiful poem composed by William Stafford. The poem is about making decision between two realities of life: efficiency and responsibility on one hand and emotion and sentiment on the other. So, it is about dilemma we face in life while making decision. Responsibility is dry and unglamorous virtue whereas emotion is warmer than responsibility. The poet has tried to present the idea that decision made on the basis of responsibility and efficiency is always the best and practical whereas emotional or sentimental decision is impractical which shows human weakness. The poem also deals on the relationship between the nature and human beings and their activities. Because of our own activities we are over exploiting the nature and travelling towards the dark future.

Short Answer Questions:

1. What is the central idea of the poem 'Traveling through the Dark'? [HSEB Exam 2057]

Ans: The central idea of the poem 'Traveling through the Dark' is conflict between mind (reason) and heart (emotion). Throughout our life -xfd|f] lhGbuL e/_, we are caught in various conflicting situations. When we take decision, we should use reason, not to use motions. In the poem, the poet has sometime caught in dilemma -bf]wf/df_ to throw the dead doe because the fawn inside the dead doe that is never born emerges -hGdfpF5_ sentiment in him. But later, to avoid other fatal -3fts_ accidents, he throws into the canyon.

2. Show how the action develops stanza by stanza in the poem 'Traveling through the Dark' [HSEB Exam 2060]

Ans: There is clearly shift of actions in the poem. In the beginning physical action, in the middle mental action and in the end, physical action again. When the driver sees a dead doe on the road, he gets off and drags it. At the same time he comes near the doe which is pregnant and its fawn still waiting to be born. Here he becomes sentimental. And then he talks about the condition of car. Finally, he throws the doe to avoid other accidents. Hence there is clear indication of change of action stanza by stanza.

3. Do you agree with what the narrator did? Why? [HSEB Exam 2063]

Ans: Yes, I agree what the narrator did. The dilemma -b'ljwf_ of the narrator was either to throw the dead doe with its alive never to be born fawn or not. For some time, he has shown his pity towards the fawn. But later on, he becomes practical and throws it into the canyon to avoid other accidents. If I were him, I would also do what he did.

4. At what point does the physical action cease (stop), to be replaced by another kind. -sljtfsf] s'g laGb'df uP/ zf/Ll/sfo{ ?S5 / csf]{ s'g} sfo{ Toxf“ x'G5 <_

Ans: When the speaker of the poem happens to touch the side of the doe's belly -k]6_ his mental action starts as he is deeply moved by knowing the pregnancy of the dead doe, he becomes quite emotional thinking that the fawns inside the belly of the doe would never be born as the mother was already dead.

8. A STORY

–Dylan Thomas

Long Answer Questions

1. What is the summary of the story 'A Story?'

Ans: A story is a short story by Dylan Thomas. The story humorously presents the adult’s world from a boy’s perspective (point of view).

A story is all about a day’s outing by a small boy made with his uncle and his friends, by Charabanc to Porthcawl where they never reached. The boy was staying with his uncle and aunt. There was a great contrast between his uncle and aunt. His uncle was a huge man who used to fill every inch of the hot little house like an old buffalo squeezed into an airing cupboard but on the other hand his aunt whom he prefers to say his uncle’s wife, was small, quiet, and efficient and was like a mouse. She walked quietly like a mouse and got all her work done. The uncle was very big and trumpeting and ate greedily, littering his waistcoat. The aunt was so small that she could hit the uncle on his head only if his uncle lifted her onto a chair and on his arms. The argument between them was quiet common and comic to the boy. Despite the quarrel, the love existed between them. His aunt didn’t like the outing. When they talked about outing she used to be angry. She threatened her husband that she would go to her mother’s house if he went on the outing. However, he did not care for it because it was not new for him.

His uncle and his uncle’s friend used to make an annual all-male outing. That particular year Mr. Benjamin Franklyn was a treasurer who was watched and followed every time by Will Sentry. Will Sentry followed him because he didn’t feel the outing fund safe with Franklyn.

The narrator got a chance to go for the outing with his uncle and his friends who were all noisy, filthy, vulgar, dirty, and drunkards and full of strange behaviors. It was a beautiful August morning as the thirty odd men set out for the trip to Porthcawl missing Old O. Jones behind. The trip was delayed as they drove back to pick old O. Jones. Again . Weazley cried, “I left my teeth” and asked them to go home to take his teeth. However, they did not return saying that his teeth were not necessary in the journey. As they reached the first inn, the Mountain Sheep, they stopped the Charbanc and went inside leaving the boy outside to watch the Charbanc. The master of the public house welcomed them as the wolf welcomes the sheep. Everyone was drunk inside. The boy found them behaving worse than animals.

In the inn, they continued noise and argued each other. The boy had nothing to do so he chased the cows with stone. They, then, left the inn. Then they stopped at different pub houses on the way and were completely pickled. On the way they reached near a river. They liked the cool water of the river. In the river, some of them slipped the stone. It was a better place than Porthcawl. All of them were there and they were drunk. They didn’t have any idea how the world was going on. It was evening. They cancelled the trip to Porthcawl and returned towards home. On the way home, Mr. Weazley coughed and they stopped the Charbanc and drank the remaining cases of beers making a circle.

In fact, the purpose of the outing was to drink and making merry without the care of the world. Therefore, they stopped at every inn and public house until, by dusk, all the men were pickled. Some were shouting, some laughing, splashing in the water and dancing. None cared for food except Mr. O. Jones. They never reached their destination as everybody decided to stop at an open space for more drinks and merrymaking. The narrator, the small boy, was tired and hungry who fell asleep under his uncle’s waistcoat. The moon was already up. Thus, the story ends abruptly.

Short Answer Questions

1. Give a short description of the Boy's Uncle. [HSEB Exam 2068]

Ans: Thomes is the boy's uncle. He is very fat. He nearly covers the small shop that they have. Chair, room etc are small for him. Many friends come to meet him that he is friendly. He is very gentle too. He does not get angry. He prefers alcohol to his wife. His wife sometimes beats him but he remains silent. He is funny and romantic, careless and carefree too. He loves the boy very much.

2. What is the reasons for which will sentry always followed Mr Frnaklyn? (HSEB Exam 2058]

Ans: Mr Franklyn has collected money for outing to Porthcawl. He had managed bus, beer and bread for every member. Will Sentry had the fear that Mr. Franklyn might misuse the money that she had collected therefore he always followed him.

3. How does the boy, the narrator, look at his uncle and his aunt? [HSEB Exam 2059]

Or Describe the relationship between Thomas (the boys' uncle) and his wife. [HSEB Exam 2062]

Or Write a paragraph to describe the relation between Thomas and his wife. [HSEB Exam 2062, 2063]

Ans: The boy, the narrator's uncle and his wife are unmatched in size and nature but they have very fantastic -/dffOnf] life. His uncle was big, trumpeting and red-hairy whereas -hals_ his auntie was small, quick and quite. She used to work quietly and quickly. Every Saturday night at 10 o'clock his uncle used to lift his wife up, under his arm, onto a chair in the kitchen to hit him on his head with china dog. She does not like drinking habit of her husband so that every year on the day of outing of Mr. Thomas, she does go to her mother's house.

4. The plan was to go the Porthcawl for outing. Did they ever reach there? Why? [HSEB Exam 2064]

Ans: The plan was to go Porthcawl for outing but they never reached there. After starting their journey, wherever they saw public house, they went there and drank heavily and enjoyed a lot. They never took care of time. Their main objective was to enjoy and forget all the worldly things for one day. At last they reached on the river side, they thought that place was better than Porthcawl. Moreover, it was already late to return home so they returned from there.

9. THE LAST VOYAGE OF THE GHOST SHIP

–Carcía Márquez

Long Answer Questions

1. Summarize the story "The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship?

Ans: The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship is an interesting story written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. In the story, the writer describes the growth of an ordinary boy (the narrator) to an assertive man. The writer here wants to prove that one cannot be great in life without courage and determination.

According to the story, a small boy saw a ghost ship in the sea at night in the month of March. The ship was quite big and wonderful. It had no sound and light. It was moving without any control. The surprising thing was that it would disappear when there was light and would appear when there was no light. The boy was surprised with the ship but he thought he might have seen it in the dream.

The boy saw the same ship in the next March and told his mother about it. She didn’t believe him. She said that his mind was rotting. However, she had to send a boatman to confirm whether it was the ship or not. The boatman saw nothing except some fish playing in the water. She became sad and worried about her son. One day, she bought a chair and began to see the sea sitting on it. She remembered her dead husband. She became excited and died. Other four women also died so it was a accursed chair. Finally, the chair was thrown into the sea.

The boy became orphan and he didn’t want to live with anyone’s mercy. As an orphan he lived on stealing fish. He was all alone. Villagers did not help him.

In the next March again he saw the same ship and talked to the villagers about it. The villagers also thought him to be mad and he was severely beaten. Then, he decided not to talk anyone about it but he tried to show who he was. In the next year, he saw the same ship and followed it rowing a boat. When the light of lighthouse fell upon it, it disappeared and the boy fell in problem. He lit a lantern and saw the ship again. He rowed his boat near to the ship and brought it under control. He found nobody in the ship and brought it at the harbor near his village. He called the villagers and the villager’s were surprised at seeing the ship larger than the village.

Thus, the boy proved himself to be an assertive Youngman. He showed the villagers who he was. It means that if a person works hard to develop his career without losing patience, he can certainly get success in his life.

The story describes the growth of an ordinary boy to an assertive young man. It presents the boy’s inner journey from the innocence to experience and how he gains manhood. The ships stand for the child’s imagination and his encounter with the ship many times indicates his growing vision which finally makes him a strong man with strong voice and confidence. In fact, this story brings out the child’s inner consciousness. The whole story is a psychological study which describes the boy’s attainment of maturity. Thus, the story deals with the mental growth of the child in proportion with his physical growth. Both the growth combined makes him confident about what he says and does.

1. Why does no one else know of the Ship's existence?

Ans: No one else knows of the ship's existence because it is a ghost ship which appears only in the imagination of the boy. The boy tells his mother about the ship. She sends a boatman who sees fish and hairs but not the single sign of the ship.

2. Who are disbelievers -ljZjf; gug]{x¿_ ? Why do they hate the boy? -ljZjf; gug]{x¿ eg]sf sf] x'g\ < ltgLx¿n] s]6f]nfO{ lsg 3[0ff u5{ <_

Ans: The boy happens to see the ghost ship and tells many people about it but nobody believes the boy. His mother sends a boatman to observe the ship but he sees only fish and whales People who don't believe on the existence of ghost ship are disbelievers. They hate and beat the boy because he was an orphan boy. His widow mother brings an evil chair in the village. The boy steals the fish out of the boat and he shouts about the ghost ship. He determined strongly to prove who he was. With strong decision, he stole a boat and waited for the ghost ship in the channel. Without being confused by emotion and frightened by miracle, he proved his adventure by showing the existence of the ghost ship to the disbelievers.

Short Answer Questions:

1. What does the refrain of the boy "Now they are going to see who I am" mean? -bf]xf]/LPsf] kª\tL "Now they are going to see who I am"n] s]nfO{ hgfp“5 <_

Ans: The boy sees the ghost ship and tells many people about it but nobody believes him. His mother thinks that his mind is not running well and the disbelievers hate and beat him. The boy repeatedly says," Now, they are going to see who I am". It means that isolation and anger made him quite strong and courageous. He strongly determines to show the cowards who he is by proving the existence of the large ghost ship.

2. Why did the boy have to prove who he was? -s]6f]n] cfk"m sf] x'“ eg]/ lsg l;4 ug'{ lyof] <_

Ans: The boy had to prove who he was because the disbelievers hated him and didn't believe him when he told them about the existence of the ghost ship.

10. God's Grandeur -eujfgsf] dxfgtf_

–G.M. Hopkins

Long Answer Questions

1. Summarize the poem 'God's Grandeur.'

Ans: God’s Grandeur is a short religious poem composed by G.M. Hopkins. In this poem, the poet praises the greatness and glory of God in the world.

G.M. Hopkins believes in the existence of God in the world. He says that God is everywhere. The glory and greatness or magnificence of the god is manifested in everything and everywhere. The poet says that the world is charged with the grandeur of God. It flames out like shining from gold tinsel (shook foil) and oozes from the crushed seeds. The God is omnipresent and yet human beings ignore and deny the presence of god’s greatness. Many generations have passed through this world. The poet says, “Generations have trod, have trod, have trod…” which shows the ignorance of human beings towards God.

The poet presents the miserable state of the world and nature. In the running after money, man toils and suffers miseries and unhappiness. However, human beings are living after money and artificiality. Though modern human beings are living in the well equipped world, they are still not satisfied. Their unlimited desires are leading them towards endless destination. A man’s life has become a tale of sorrow and unhappiness because in this material world he finds no peace and contentment (satisfaction). The real peace is in God’s arms. Human beings are busy in trade and material world so they are in the world of miseries and dissatisfaction. They cannot understand the greatness of God and they do not pay attention to the command of God. Everything is affected by human activities. Man is regardless to the soil and the Nature. Man is running away from nature towards the material world.

Nature is never spent. The God blesses everybody with bountiful nature and his greatness, which is evident from the gifts of God. Though humans are destroying nature, it is never spent. The dearest freshness lies in the deep down the Nature. The poet is aesthetically inspired by the grandeur of nature too. Nature is always fresh and new. For sometimes the nature may be bare, but that bareness is soon recovered with the greatness of God. The darkness prevails but the next morning a new brightness arises from the east. Irrespective of men’s behaviors, the God blesses man with life enhancing gifts of the dawn and dusk, the sun, the moon, the fertile land and bountiful nature. God has provided us warmth and love of his breast and wings. The God is always kind for the world and all the creatures. Hopkins presents us with an inspired vision of the beauty of nature infused with the glory of God.

1. What is the central idea of the poem 'God's Grandeur? [HSEB Exam 2056, 2059, 2061, 2062 & 2068]

Ans: The poem focuses the omniscient -;j{1fgL_, omnipotent -;j{zlQmzfnL_ and omnipresent -;j{JofkL_ nature of God and praises the magnificence and glory of God in the world. In the same way, human beings are using natural resources excessively -cTofwLs ?kdf_ to fulfill their materialistic desires. But we should not be worry because God is guarding the world like a bird covers its young to protect it and renews worldly things.

2. Give reasons why men are unaware of the greatness of God? [HSEB Exam 2061]

Ans: Men are unaware of the greatness of God. Many generations have passed, they smeared -ntkltPsf_ seared -89fPsf_ and bleared -wldlnPsf_ the world to fulfill their materialistic desires. The world has been polluted due to man's smell and industrial waste. They never think about the condition of nature and feel the presence of God.

11. I HAVE A DREAM

–Marin Luther King Jr.

Long Answer Questions

1. What are the main ideas of King's speech 'I Have a Dream'?

Ans: I Have a Dream is one of the best, powerful, and unforgettable speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr., who is one of the most influential personalities of the 20^th Century and the leader of the Black Civil Rights Movement. This speech was delivered in the centenary (100 years) celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation on August 28, 1963 at Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. in front of 200 thousand people, both Black and Whites. Apparently, the crowd was gathered to celebrate/mark the hundred years of emancipation of the Blacks. However, in reality they had gathered to unite and revive the rights of the Blacks stated by the American Constitution.

The speech creates the significant light of hope among millions of Blacks. He says that there is racial discrimination, separation and injustice among the black and white American people. The blacks are marginalized and dominated by the whites. They are put in the chain of discrimination segregation. They are considered as second class people. However, the American Constitution has stated rights to the Black: they are exiled in their own land.

King Jr. brings the reference of the past and points out that the Emancipation Proclamation had brought a great hope for millions of Blacks. It heralded (new beginning) the end of 250 years and more of Black slavery. But 100 years later,America had failed to keep the promise and the promissory note turned out to be a bad cheque. It was evident from the conditions of the Blacks that had remained unchanged. No, just the Emancipation Proclamation, the American constitution and the Independence Declaration had both failed to pay the promises of equality, happiness and liberty. Blacks were deprived of all Civil Rights and opportunities. They have been facing racial discrimination and injustice everywhere in America. They were still dominated in the different opportunities by the Whites.

King Jr. uses the analogy of the bad cheque to describe these two historic documents. King Martin refuses to believe that the vault of justice in America is bankrupt. He asserts that the blacks have gathered to cash the cheque (i.e. the emancipation proclamation) that America had granted them. He further reminds that Blacks would no longer wait for gradualism (a policy of gradual change in society).

King Jr. emphasizes on the urgency to achieve to achieve their Civil Rights ‘now’. In order to achieve the Black Civil Rights, King appeals to his fellowmen to unite for the struggle to revive the Blacks’ rights. He requested all the people to fight for the rights in a disciplined way rather than destructive way. He further appeals to the entire crowd to go back to their states and continue the struggle raising awareness amongst all and ringing the bell of freedom from every corner of America. At the end, he shares his dreams, his concrete goals with all fellowmen.

1. What is the apparent purpose of Martin Luther King's Speech? - Martin Luther King sf] efif0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] <_

Ans: The apparent purpose of King’s dream is to make all the black people of America critically conscious regarding all kinds if injustices inflicted by so-called whites. Beside that the purpose of King’s speech is to free all the black people from the chain of discrimination and slavery and make American society quite harmonious as having sense of brotherhood between whites and blacks.

2. Give the central idea of Martin Luther King's speech. -King sf] efiffsf] d'Vof ljrf/ s] xf] <_

Ans: Martin Luther King gave his thought-provoking -ljrf/ pQ]hs_ speech in favor of black people who were leading their life amidst great trial, trouble and tribulation in the white-dominated society. All the black people were in the non-violent movement so as to get freedom from all kind of injustices inflicted by white people in America but they were victimized -lzsf/ ePsf_ by police brutality -kfzljstf_ even if they were peacefully protesting against the whites and their inhuman behavior towards the blacks. Black people were leading their exile life in their own land. They were not getting equal opportunities as their whites' counterparts. The main intension of the King to give this speech is to avoid all kinds of discrimination from the land of America. The King wanted to have harmonious relationship between blacks and whites devoid of any kind of ill-feelings towards each other. Through this speech he wanted to extend his hand of brotherhood and friendship. Hence, the central idea of the speech is to bring awareness among the black people and maintain friendly relationship with white people.

3. What is the apparent purpose of the historical speech delivered Martin Luther? - Martin Luther King sf] Pltxfl;s efif0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] <_

Ans: The apparent purpose of this speech by Martin Luther was to warn and make the Government aware of the emancipation proclamation signed in 1862 declaring that all the slaves were free from that day. But in reality even after hundred years of this proclamation. Negros were still under the discrimination and were not freed. There were still many restrictions for Negros and they weren't allowed to dream for equal opportunities and were not free. There were still many restrictions for Negros and they weren't allowed to dream for equal opportunities but they were highly marginalized from the white Americans. Without being considered as citizens of the country they were set aside of the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Therefore, the likely purpose of this speech is to give a continuation to the on-going struggle of the Blacks for the rights of freedom, equality, racial justice and all sort of freedoms promised in the contusion.

4. Explain King's analogy of the bad check. -King sf] v/fa r]s t'ngfsf] af/]df j0f{g u/ ._

Ans: Martin Lather king makes an analogy of all those promises signed in 1862 known as Emancipation Proclamation with the bad check that is returned to the holder due to the insufficient money in the accounts. Like the bad check, all the promises could not be accepted by the Negro community due to the lack of the funds of justice, freedom and quality. The promise turned out to be a rejected check because even after hundred years of that promise Negros were deprived of all the benefits, opportunities and rights and they were still backward.

3. What is the real dream of Martin Luther King about the future of America? [HSEB Exam 2056]

Ans: The dream of Martin Luther King Jr. is the dream of equality, unity, peace, prosperity and racial harmony in America. His dream is to implement democracy in America in substance not in form. His dream is all men are created equal they should have equal opportunity. There should not be discrimination on the basis of color but should be budget on the basis of content of their characters. One day black and white, people will walk side by side for their betterment.

12. WOMEN'S BUSINESS

–Ilene Kantrov

Long Answer Questions

1. Summarize the essay 'Women's Business'.

Ans: Women’s Business is an essay written by Ilene Kantrov. In this essay, the writer presents the entrepreneurship of some women from USA, and their entry into the so-called male world of business. The women were not only the businesswomen. However, they helped the problem facing women by educating them as well as helping them solve their problems. Some of them contributed lavishly to hospitals, schools, and cultural organizations. These women tried to transform the home craft into a thriving business. Women’s business grew out of traditional women’s skill and provided for the needs mostly of women. Lydia E. Pinkham was the pioneer of the women business in USA.

The first women entrepreneurship of USA Lydia E. Pinkham started business to provide support to her family when her husband’s real estate business collapsed. She was a radical feminist and wanted to help the females rather than the males. Within two three years her company earned $200,000. She had launched a home remedy product called ‘Lydia E. Pinkham’s vegetables compound’ for all weakness of women. Her bold marketing strategies made her success in her business. She advertised her product herself creating the image of a gentle and kind woman who appealed to fellow women ‘to feel good’ and to improve the quality of their lives. In her advertisement she claimed that her medicine is the ‘greatest remedy of the world’. Thus, her customers were convinced that she was selling more than a product. Her ‘Department of Advise’ dispensed suggestions for all kinds of feminine problems (about diet, exercise and hygiene) along with prescribing her own remedies. She proclaimed herself as the “Savior of her sex.” Thus, she created history in America’s business. Many women later followed in her footsteps.

Helena Rubinstein and Elizabeth Arden were the rivals. They sold cosmetics. They were also married to rich and famous aristocrats from Europe. Margaret Rudkin began to sell additive-free wheat bread (healthy foods) that she first used to help her asthmatic son. Similarly, Jennie Grossinger owned a successful resort hotel that began serving 150,000 guests a year. Gertrude Muller, on the other hand, sold things to help people look after their babies, such as ‘toidey seats’. She put small books explaining her ideas about child raising in the packages of the things she sold. In the field of business, black women also showed their entrepreneurship. Annie Turnbo-Malone was a black American. She established a school for training for hairdressing, named it ‘Poro College’, and advertised it as a vehicle for the uplift of her race (blacks) and a passport to economic independence for women.

Thus, the thesis of this essay is that business women in the USA, from the later part of nineteenth century, tried to help women as well as to make money by selling things to them. Often, their methods of helping women, for example, through giving advices, helped them to sell more products. Sometimes, when feminine ideals collided with the realities of the market place, however, the businesswomen often bested the lady.

1. What were the various achievements of Lydia E. Pinkham on the field of women's business?

Ans: Lydia Pinkham is quite popular among Americans for her great contribution to promote business. She adopted new method to promote her business .She adopted a new method to promote her business of home remedy, methods for women's disease like falling of the womb. She also gave the advice on diet exercise and cured a number of physical ills, infertility, hysteria and nervousness from her home remedies. She also encouraged the females to see the women doctors for their problems. She also exploited traditional feminine fears to market her products. Due to her immense success she achieved both name and fame.

2. Which of Lydia Pinkham's business methods did later women capitalists adopt for their own enterprises?

Ans: Lydia Pinkham offered her customers more than her products. She supplied many practical suggestions about diet, exercise, hygiene etc and brought a great change in the social and economic conditions of many women of her era. The later women capitalists adopted Pinkham's business methods for their own enterprises. Arden gave advice on nutrition and exercise. Grossinger managed to remain the willing Jewish grandmother in the eyes of her customers. Helena and Elizabeth also took advantage of their images as women to promote their business of cosmetics".

3. In what ways did the followers of Lydia Pinkham depart from her model?

Ans: Like Lydia Pinkham, many women capitalists of her era tried to show that they were offering their customers more than their products. Lydia's face would shine on the pages of the papers to advertise her products but other women's faces weren't printed like that. The followers of Pinkham departed from her model in that they developed their images as glamorous fashionable women. The other women wouldn't successfully combine their marketing effort with a campaign for economic and social change.

4. What is the thesis of the essay “Women’s Business"? -

Or, What is the main idea of the essay?

Ans: "Prinkham brought to her marketing effort with the passionate social activism". This statement shows that the main subject of the essay is the combination of women's marketing effort with the strong social activism

5. How did Lydia Pinkham become a successful business woman?

Ans: Lydia Pinkham's kind face shown on the pages of papers to advertise her medicinal products that would cure the disease of women. She offered her customers more than her products; she combined her business with social service. She supported women's rights, temperance and social and economic reform inthe masculine world of commerce. She earned a lot of money and popularity. Finally, she became a successful business woman and held a special place in the history of American business.

6. How did the women start and flourish their business in America?

Ans: Lydia Pinkham, a leading American business woman of her period offered her customers more than her products. She supplied many practical suggestions about diet, exercise, hygiene etc. and brought a great change in the social and economic conditions of many women of her era. She combined her business or marketing effort with social service and with a campaign for economic and social change. The later business women adopted Pinkham's business methods for their own enterprises. Arden gave advice on nutrition and exercise Grossinger managed to remain the willing Jewish grandmother in the eyes of her customers. Helena and Elizabeth also took advantage of their images as women to flourish their business of cosmetics.

13. THE CHILDREN WHO WAIT

–Marshan Traugot

Long Answer Questions

1. Write the main idea of the essay, 'The Children Who Wait.'

Ans: The essay The Children Who Wait talks about the adoption system of children. She talks about the children adoption system before and after 1960 (present).

Until about 1960 there was a trend to adopt only the healthy white infants. A child should be white, healthy and in small age to be adopted. All the disabled and diseased children, blacks, children beyond infancy (grown up) minority and mixed racial children were almost ignored. The family did not adopt them. However, in the last two decades, i.e. 1960-1980, the field of adoption has undergone a radical change. Such ignored children, who waited to be adopted, are being placed with different types of family. Such changes are due to the Black Civil Rights movements, birth control, legalized abortion, women’s movements, social science research and many more.

Due to the Black Civil Rights movements, liberal whites adopted black and mixed race infants and toddlers (children). This mode was criticized but left no effect on this. The women’s movement legalized abortion and changed the attitudes towards sexual behavior and marriage. Therefore, the number of healthy infants drastically reduced and moreover the unmarried mothers decided to keep their babies without caring the social stigma.

The researchers show that between 1960 and 1978 the number of children in foster care centers doubled to a half million or more. The children who are kept in such centers are not all sure to be adopted. If they live in foster care till their maturity, they suffer from several problems like pseudo-mental retardation, learning disabilities, mental illness, sexual perversions etc that can root in the children’s personalities and plague their adult lives and be passed on to their children. To establish them, those foster centers need financial support but unfortunately funding for children’s services had always been scarce. So, it became clear that foster caring was both expensive and cruel.

Traugot in her essay says that today’s buzz word is ‘matching’. It is a process of seeking to match a child and a foster family. First the workers evaluate the child’s personality, cultural background, existing relationships with biological or foster family and emotional state. Based on these factors the workers draw up a profile and seek an appropriate family. Traugot presents two examples: An unmarried man or a single strong male might adopt a badly behaved 15 years old boy and a religious family with older siblings adopts a handicapped child suffering from down’s syndrome, hearing disabilities etc.

Now, some agencies work to find the potential adoptive family or parents by distributing their photos and description (or video-tape) to all other agencies. Their names are sent in the regional or state adoption exchange centers and there they try to match with the prospective parents. If they are not still adopted, the description or profiles of waiting children are published in newspaper or broadcasted through media. The media is the final solution for those children who are waiting to be adopted.

Tammy, a 5 and a half years old black girl who is suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome is waiting for the warm and supportive family. The writer hopes that Tammy would find a warm and supportive family because of the changes appeared in the children adoption system in US after 1960.

Short Answer Questions:

1. Who does Marsha Traugot refer to as the children who wait? [HSEB Exam 2057]

Or, What factors are responsible for the changes in the American adoption scene?

Ans: Marsha Traugot refers to those children who are still in foster home as the children who wait. These children are waiting for appropriate adaptive families. These waiting children are handicapped children, over age or under age children black and mind racial children for whom it may take long time to get appropriate adoptive family.

2. Why was it difficult for the handicapped and the black children to find Foster family? [HSEB Exam 2060]

Ans: It was difficult for them because the contemporary upper class white couples would only adopted healthy and white infants before 1960s.

3. What kinds of parents were considered suitable, for adopting children? What kinds of children were considered unadoptable? [HSEB Exam 2062]

Ans: Before 1960 adoptive system was selective -5gf}6j/0fLo_. Handicapped and black children were taken as unadoptive children. Only white healthy children were adopted by children white couples. But after 1960 radical changes have seen in adoptive system previously known as unadoptive children are being placed under adoptable. Various causes are responsible for this transformations such as civil rights movements birth control, changing social values, social research and even harsh economic reality.

4. How do the adoptive agencies find the potential parents? [HSEB Exam 2064]

Ans: To find out potential parents the adoption agencies first look to the families listed with them. If they couldn't find, the child is registered with regional or state adoption exchange that distributes videotape and other details to all other agencies. And if a match still can't be made they publish advertisement on TV and Newspapers with profile of waiting children.

5. Why does Traugot begin her essay with the example of Tammy?

Ans: Tammy is a 5 year old black homeless girl who is suffering from fatal-alcohol syndrome. The writer Traugot begins her essay with an example of Tammy to prove that she is not dealing with fiction but with a specific case study. The writer also wants to show the changing scene of adoption in America by mentioning Tammy who has recently been legally freed for adoption.

6. What kinds of parents were considered suitable for adopting children? What kinds of children were considered 'Unadoptable'?

Ans: Rich childless white couples were considered suitable for adopting children. They would look for healthy white infants but disabled black unhealthy children were considered 'unadoptable'

7. According to thought, what changes are forms forming the American adoption scene?

Ans: Through in this essay she has shown the situation until 1960 regarding the issue of adoption. But now, adoptive families are getting more liberal and less choosy white trying to adopt children. In the early years, handicapped children were considered as damaged goods and the black children and the children above five had the least chance of adoption. But slowly the scene of adoption is transforming the American adoption system due to number of factors like birth control, legalized abortion, changes in attitude toward sexual behavior, marriage, changing value, and various civil lights movements. Due to the legalized abortion and changes in the attitude towards marriage, more unwed mothers had also the courage to give birth to the babies and keep them. Even teenagers had many children without getting married. Due to this, there was a lack of healthy white babies and therefore, people started making up their minds even to adopt black children not caring whether they were handicapped or above five years.

14. A CHILD IS BORN

–Germaine Greer

Long Answer Questions:

1. Write the summary of the essay, 'A Child is Born.'

Ans: Germaine Greer is a feminist writer and lecturer. ‘A Child Is Born’ is an extract from her book ‘Sex and Destiny’. In the essay Greer presents the comparison between traditional and modern societies in the matter of pregnancy and child bearing system.

In the traditional societies childbirth is accepted culturally and collectively so that the mothers do not feel any psychic burden. The potential misfortunes and anxieties are managed if they follow the ritual approach to pregnancy which limits them with taboos and prohibitions. Many of the ritual observances involve the participation of husband, relatives, and members of the society. The pregnant woman feels secure. She doesn’t need to think about the pain of delivery. The traditional societies are superstitious but the western societies are also not untouched by it. In the western societies a child is born unattended but in non-technocratic societies (traditional), except for remarkable accidents, childbirth is always attended. Child and mother mortality rate is greater in the traditional societies which is a great tragedy and should be prevented. Modern medicinal care for pregnant women in the hospitals has helped to decrease the mortality rate.

In some societies, women are not accepted as members of their new family until they have borne a child. So they wish for a child who provides them recognition in the family. In some traditional societies, the women are known as the mother of her first born child. She loses her identity. In such societies the relationship between the mother and the child is more important than the relationship between husband and wife.

In the Rajput society, to give birth to a child for a woman is a great success in her life. It is an occasion of joy for the whole family. In Bengal, the reward of the pregnancy is that she is allowed to go to her maternal home. The birth of a child is celebrated by feasting and singing by the women of the community. Similarly, in Bangladesh, children under the age of five or six are looked after by the whole family.

The traditional societies are affected by the modernization and technological change. All the emotions have been lost. The allopathic doctors depend only on drugs, equipment and electricity. The labouring women are ignored and treated only as patient or a case without any compassion. Though the chance of live birth is greater, the women will no longer continue to offer their bodies and minds to such brutality, especially if there is no one at home to welcome the child, to praise the mother for her courage and to help her raise it.

At last Greer suggests that if we do not feel so much proud and dignified out of child bearing, the population growth will be controlled. Thus the essay presents a comparison between the parent-child relationship in the affluent (rich) western and traditional agricultural Eastern societies.

Short Answer Questions:

1. What differences does the writer show between a traditional society and a modern society in matters of pregnancy, child birth and child bearing? [HSEB Exam 2056, 2060]

Ans: In the essay 'A Child Is Born' the writer presets a comparison between a traditional society and a modern society in cases of pregnancy, child birth and child bearing.

In traditional society pregnancy is accepted culturally and collectively. The pregnant women gets special care from her husband, kinsfolk -gft]bf/_ and from whole community. She is provided nutritious food, balanced diet and other cares. So psychologically she feels secure. Child bearing is taken as the necessity of the family. In contrast to all these, in western world a woman herself is to manage almost everything for her pregnancy. When she becomes pregnant, she goes to hospital and according to doctor's suggestions she takes foods and does exercise. Even her husband may not care her. During the time of delivery, it is risky in traditional society. Most of the deliveries are done at home so that the mother and the baby may lose life. People attend the delivery. In contrast, in western society deliveries are done in the hospital with the help of modern machines and tools. No one attends the delivery. A mother alone remains in the tool of blood.

After a child birth, in most of the traditional societies there is celebration of birth whereas there is not anything at all in western society. A child is cared and reared -x'sf{pg' by the whole family members so that the child passes less time with biological parents. After the birth of a baby, the mother goes to her mother's house where she gets desired food and proper care. But in western society a child remains with only biological parents especially with mother.

Short Answer Questions:

1. How are the children under five or six looked after in Bangladesh?

Ans: In Bangladesh children under the age of five or six are looked after by the whole family. All the children of joint family are looked after together. They are taken to the pond for a bath by one daughter-in -law. Another daughter-in-law feeds them. In the afternoon a favorite aunt tells them fairy tales -nf]s syf_. At night when they get sleepy, they always go to their mothers and sleep in her embrace -c+ufnf]df_.

2. What makes pregnant woman forget her worry in child birth in traditional society?

Ans: In traditional society pregnancy is accepted culturally and collectively. The pregnant woman gets special care from her husband, kinsfolk -gft]bf/x?_ and from whole community. She is provided nutritious food, balance diet and other cares. Therefore, pregnant woman psychologically feels secure in child birth in traditional society.

3. What kind of treatment does a woman in Bangladesh receive during her pregnancy and after the childhood?

[HSEB Exam 2063]

Ans: In Bangladesh, a woman receives very well treatment during her pregnancy and after the child birth. Pregnancy is accepted collectively and culturally. She gets special care from her husband, kinsfolk and from whole family. When the baby is born, it is the occasion of joy for whole family. There is the celebration of the naming ceremony. New dress is brought for the baby and new sari for the mother. After giving birth of the baby, the mother goes to her mother's house -dfOtL3/_ for some months where she gets a lot of care and love.

15. THE TELL-TALE HEART

–Edgar Allan Poe

Long Answer Questions

1 Summarize the story 'The Tell-Tale Heart.'

Ans: The Tell-Tale Heart is a psychological story based on the obsession of the narrator of the story. The narrator kills an old man and confesses to the policemen but still he tries to prove that he is not mad. He claims that crazy people cannot tell their story calmly. In the story the narrator tells us how he murdered the old man, how the idea cropped up in his mind and how he committed the action and finally why he confessed his crime to the policemen.

The narrator and the old man lived in the same house. Every time they met they talked in a friendly way. He loved the old man. The old man had also remained very kind and friendly to the narrator, but the writer hated the old man’s vulture eyes and his looks. For an unknown reason, the old man’s cloudy, pale blue eye incited madness in him. Whenever the old man looked at him his blood turned cold. Thus, he thought of getting himself rid of the old man’s eye by murdering him. So making up his mind to murder the old man, he would get up at midnight and sneak into the old man’s room. For the past seven nights he tried to gain courage to get into the room and murder him. But he could not bring himself to kill the man without seeing his “evil eyes”. Every next morning he used to talk to the old man about how he slept at night.

On the eighth night he was there again to kill the old man. He entered the old man’s room quietly opening the door and lighting the lantern to its minimum so that the tiny ray of light would pass to see the old man’s vulture eyes. Then suddenly he tapped the lantern and the old man sprang up and cried “Who’s there?” In the dark room, the narrator waited silently for an hour. The man did not go back to sleep; instead, he gave out a slight groan, realized that ‘Death’ was approaching eventually; the narrator shone his lamp on the old man’s eye. The narrator immediately became furious at the ‘damned spot’ i.e. the vulture eye, but soon he heard the beating of a heart so loud that he feared the neighbors would hear it. With a yell, he leapt into the room and killed the old man pressing the bed over him. Despite the murder, he continued to hear the old man’s relentless (constant) heartbeat.

After the murder, the narrator dismembered (cut into pieces) the corpse and hid the body parts beneath the planks of floorboards. He then cleaned and brushed the room in such a way that there wasn’t even a stain of blood left behind. By then it was 4 in the morning. He heard a knock on the door. To his surprise he found three policemen standing at the gate. They had come as a routine work to investigate the shriek the neighbor had reported. The narrator invited them to search the premises (area). He explained that it was his shriek due to the bad dream and the old man was out of the town. The officers were satisfied but not ready to leave. Soon the sound of the heartbeat resumed, growing more and more distinct. He became pale blue and turned red with nervousness and superstition that that might be the sound of the dead man’s heart. He grew so nervous that it was intolerable for him. So he raised his voice to muffle the sound at last, unable to stand it any longer, the narrator screamed: I admit the deed! – tear up the planks, here, here! It is beating of his hideous (frightful) heart!

Thus, the story revolves around a young man and his obsession, his intense hatred for an old man’s diseased pale blue eyes, which lead him to kill the old man. True to its little, the protagonist commits a crime and confesses his crime due to his guilt-ridden heart.

2. Why does the narrator develop intense hatred against the old man? Would you call the narrator mad? Give reasons for your answer. [HSEB Exam 2059]

Ans: There is not any apparent reason to develop intense hatred against the old man, only his vulture eyes -lu4sf h:tf cfFvf_ a pale blue eye, with a film cover if according to the narrator. He had good relation with him. He did not desire the wealth of the old man. When the vulture eyes fell up on him, his blood ran cold so that he wanted to get rid from the eyes forever therefore he made his mind to take the life of the old man. I would like to say the boy mad because of his acute -cToflws_ hearing capacity and the murder of the old man without any apparent reason. How can he hear all the things in the earth and in the heaven and many things in the hell? In contrast, his capacity to say story chronologically -qmda4tf?kdf_ made me think he may not be mad.

Short Answer Questions

1. Describe the scene when the narrator killed the old man. [HSEB Exam 2064]

Ans: The scene is very frightful -eofgs_. The boy produced a loud yell -7"nf] lrRofx6_ and leaped into -plk|mP_ the roon. The old man shrieked -lrRofof] once. He immediately dragged him to the floor pulled the heavy bed over him. He died because of suffocation. He dismembered -6'qmf kfof] the corpse -nf;_ then he took up three planks from the flooring of the chamber. Finally he hid -n'sfof] the dismembered corpse below the planks on the floor.

2. What made the narrator confess his crime? [HSEB Exam 2062]

Or, Justify the title 'The Tell- Tale Heart'.

Ans: 'The Tell-Tale Heart' means to reveal the secret things -uf]Ko s'/fx? vf]Ng'. Here is the story, the boy killed the old man and hid the corpse. Then three policeman came. He listened the sound of old man's watch but mistakenly he thought that it was his heart beating sound. He became over sensitive in the presence of policeman. He thought policeman had already known the crime. Therefore, he confessed his crime. He showed the dismembered corpse to policeman removing the planks.

3. Would you call the narrator mad? Give reasons for your answer. [HSEB Exam 2008]

Ans: I think that the narrator was mad because he killed an innocent old man in whose house he was living without any specific and concrete reason. As the police was investigating him after he killed the old man and buried him under the ground, the boy heard the sound of the old man's clock and thought it was the sound of heart beat of the old man. He thought police had already noticed that and known the fact. So, he confesses his crime himself. These all activities help to prove that the narrator was mad.

4. Justify the title in your own words. -o; syfsf] zLif{s plrt egL k|dfl0ft u/ ._

Ans: Tell-tale heart actually means to unfold something secret and hidden and the story itself has revolved around disclosure\ confession of the crime which the narrator commits. The narrator seems to be suffering from neurotic disease who tend to involve in homicide but time and again, in the story, he says that his very cunning and wise not the mad one. Disturbed with the vulture-like eyes of his land lord, very old man, one night he manages to kill him very brutally and burry the body under the floor. The next day two policemen come to investigate the case. They put up several questions to the narrator, and he gives them convincing answer. But suddenly, he happens to hear the ticking sound and his guilty mind mistakenly thinks that he old man’s heart is still beating. Ultimately (clGtddf) being nervous and excited he confesses his crime in front of the police officers which he wanted to hide. Hence, the title of the story is absolutely suitable as the great secret is revealed by the narrator.

16. PURGATORY

-W.B. Yeats

Long Answer Questions

1. Summarize the drama in your own words.

Ans: In the Christian religion, purgatory is a place where souls of people that cannot go straight to heaven go to get purged because their sins have not been forgiven. Purgatory is the gateway to heaven where souls have to face the rest and purification. If the souls cannot purge up at purgatory, they come back to the earth and roam around in the familiar places as ghost and spirits. They suffer and cause other to suffer. They then take rebirth as lives and continue the good or bad deeds.

“Purgatory” is one act play. The scene of the play is a ruined house and a bare tree in the background. The play opens with the conversation between an old man and a boy. The boy is the old man’s son. They are standing in front of the ruined house. The old man tells the boy the history of the ruined house and the tragedy of a reputed family. The house belonged to the old man’s mother, a lady from aristocratic family. She fell in love with a groom (the old man’s father). She had died at giving birth of a child (the old man in the drama). After her death, the old man’s father began to waste money drinking wine, playing card and on women. He neither educated the old man nor left property to him. One day he burnt down the house being mad drinking wine. The house had a long and glorious history in which the reputed and great people of the nation were born. So the old man stabbed him to death and ran away from the village and worked as a peddler. After several years he came back to his house with his son (the boy).

As he is telling the story of his parents, the old man hears the hoof-beats of his father’s horse and sees his mother’s figure at the window of the ruined house he asks his son to hear the sound and see the figure. The old man believes his mother’s soul is suffering in Purgatory. He believes she constantly repeats the wedding night. However, the boy neither hears sound nor sees any figure. He thinks his father to be mad. Therefore, he tries to run away stealing money from the old man. The old man sees it and grabs it. The boy asks for his right share and insists that it’s his right to get the money and spend it as he wishes. His behavior resembled his grandfather’s habits. The old man realizes that his mother’s soul can never get purged till her criminal generation survives. So to release his mother’s soul from the purgatory the old man stabs the boy to death. He says that if he is left alone, he will be more dangerous than his father. If the boy had been left, he would have married and passed the pollution on. He again hears the sound of hoof-beats and he wishes his mother’s spirit for emancipation and prays with God to appease the misery of the living and the remorse of the dead. There is darkness everywhere but the trees are bright which the symbol of purified spirit is. He did what a man could do for Purgatory of soul.

Thus, the old man tries his best for the purification of his mother’s soul. Here, the ruined house is symbolically the country, Ireland and the old man’s father is the symbol of people of new generation who have lost the sense of nationality. The old man is symbol of patriotism.

2. Sketch the character of An Old Man [HSEB Exam 2063]

Ans: An Old Man is the main character in the play 'Purgatory'. He is a religious man who believes in Christianity (in Ramon catholism). He believes life after death. The deeds -sfo{x?_ of live one helps to release the dead one from Purgatory. To release his mother's soul from purgatory he stabs his father and son. He is wrong here. He is a criminal. He commits crime after crime. The duty of a son towards his father is to look after him in his old age. Similarly the duty of a father towards his son is to provide basic needs and additional needs. He is far from his both responsibilities. How can he live peacefully without his family members? He is the son of an aristocratic lady and she died at her delivery of him. At the age of 16 he kills his father who was a drunkard and wasted his wife's property. He tells his son the story of his past. As he sees the ghost of his mother and started meditation, his son gets chance to steal the money bag from him but it is scattered all over ground. At the meantime, the boy sees the apparition of his grandmother and hides his eyes with his hands. At the meantime, the old man stabs his son to death in an attempt. The old man wants to end all the consequences.

Short Answer Questions

1. Why did the Old Man kill his son? [HSEB Exam 2058]

Ans: He killed his son to end the cycle of crime. When his mother married with his father, he was drunkard and immoral so he finished all her property. She is suffering in purgatory. The old man stabbed -rSs' xfg]/ dfg'{_ his father when he was sixteen years old. He would kill him. To end the cycle of killing in the family and to release his mother's soul from purgatory he killed his son.

2. What is the idea or theme of the drama 'Purgatory'?

Ans: The theme of the drama 'Purgatory' is related to the crime of patricide and its confession. The family is ruined due to the confession. The family is ruined due to the destructive behaviour of the family head (father). The soul of the man's mother is suffering in Purgatory and she also remorseful there. He stabbed his father due to his destructive behaviour. He is cautious enough not to bring further pollution in his family. He stabs his son to end the chain of killing. He prays with God to purity his mother's soul.

3. Do you think Yeats believed in life after death?

Ans: On the basis of this drama I think Yeats believes in life after death. Physically we die, but our soul never dies. In the play, the old Man's mother had died but her soul is suffering in purgatory for purification. He believes in the works of live one in the earth helps to purify the soul for their dead one in purgatory. In the end of the play also after stabbing his son, the old man prays for the release of his mother's soul for a new spiritual life.

17. HANSEL AND GRETEL

-Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm

Long Answer Questions

1. Briefly narrate the story of Hansel and Gretel.

[HSEB Exam 2062]

Ans: Hansel and Gretel are the children of a poor woodcutter. Fearing starvation, the woodcutter's wife (variably called the children's mother or stepmother) convinces him to lead the children into the forest and abandon them there. Hansel and Gretel hear her plan and gather white pebbles to leave themselves a trail home. After their return, their mother convinces the woodcutter to abandon them again due to food shortage; this time however, they can only leave a trail of breadcrumbs. Unfortunately, the various animals of the woods eat their trail of breadcrumbs, causing Hansel and Gretel to become lost.

Lost in the forest, they find a house made of ginger bread and candies, with sugar windows. Unable to resist, they begin to eat it. The inhabitant of the house, an old woman, invites them in and prepares a feast for them. The table is covered with candy, nuts, pancakes and other sweets. The woman, however, is a witch who has built the house to attract children to her, so that she may fatten and eat them. She locks Hansel in a cage and makes Gretel her servant. While she prepares to cook Hansel, she orders Gretel to fetch her candies and fats to feed Hansel. Unable to do anything, Gretel weeps bitterly and does as she is told. In the cage, Hansel finds a thin bone from his meals. When the witch tells Hansel to stick out his finger (so she can tell if he is fat enough to eat), he deceives her by sticking out the bone instead. The woman has poor eyesight and is very old, and she cannot see that Hansel's "finger" is actually a bone. Days pass by, but the witch can't perceive how fat Hansel is getting. She gets frustrated and decides to eat him anyway, "be he fat or lean." She tells Gretel to climb into an oven to be sure it is ready to bake, but Gretel guesses that the witch intends to bake her, and tricks the witch into climbing into the oven, closing it behind her.

Taking jewels from the witch's house, the children set out for home to be reunited with their father. After reuniting with their father and finding out that their stepmother has died, they all live happily ever after.

2. What do the birds and the expanse of water symbolize in the fairy tale 'Hansel and Gretel'?

Ans: In the story, birds have played great role in the life of Hansel and Gretel. There are three kinds of birds: birds which eat breadcrumbs dropped by Hansel while going to the forest, the white bird which helps them to lead to the chocolate house and the duckling which helps them to go across the expanse of water. In every case, the birds have helped the little children to understand the world and be strong after challenging the adversity. The birds which ate the breadcrumbs seem to be obstacle to go back to the house but in real sense they help the children to know the outside world and kill the witch at last. The white bird is path finder which leads them to the destination. And the last bird helps them to come across the problem and see the father and reconcile with him.

2. How did the witch receive the two children in their first night at the witch's house? [HSEB exam 2059]

Ans: The witch received the two children very nicely in their first night at her house. She took the children in the house. She gave them delicious -:jflbnf] food to eat and comfortable cf/fdbfoL_ bed to sleep.

3. How did Gretel kill the witch? OR How did Hansel and Gretel free themselves from the witch? [HSEB Exam 2060]

Ans: The witch kept Hansel in the cage giving him meat to eat every day and Gretel as servant almost one month. One day she decided to kill them and set big fire and boiled water. When the witch said Gretel to enter in the fire place, Gretel made the witch to enter there first. When the witch entered there she pushed her from the back and killed her. Then she freed Hansel from the cage. After that they collected jewels from witch's house and went from there.

18. THE GINGERBREAD HOUSE

Long Answer Questions

1. Write the story of 'The Gingerbread House" in brief.

Ans: In the evening, the old man takes the two children to the pine forest. The old man is in torn clothes and shoes whereas the children are walking bare foot the boy seems to be clever. As they are walking to the forest, the boys drops the bread crumbs from his pocket. The girl is carrying a flower basket and singing nursery songs. The old man seems to be sad because he is going to leave his children is the forest. While they were walking they meet a terrible witch in black cloth. She has angry burning eyes, pointed nose, long nails. She catches a white done and takes it heart out by tearing it cruelly. They continue their journey. They reach the gingerbread house which is made of sweets, chocolates and sugar. While walking ahead, the boy turns around and finds the white birds eating all his breadcrumbs. He is worried then because his plan has failed. They reach the jungle and spend the night there. The old man leaves them there is jungle and returns silently the next day. But the children see him and follow him. So, the old man pushes the girl and strikes the boy. They start to weep. Their father leaves them in the jungle. They struggle hard there. They come to the gingerbread house. They boy climbs up the chocolate roof. They boy and the girl both fall into the garden of sweets and they lick each other. They enjoy there eating the gingerbread house. The witch comes there and frightens them with a terrible sound.

Short Questions Answers:

1. How was the door of the Gingerbread house?

Ans: It looked very beautiful. It was strange and wonderful. It was like a heart. It was red like cherry. It would always be half open. It seemed to be lit with the sun or the moon. It was very sweet, sweeter than a sugarplum. It was more enchanting than a peppermint stick.

2. Why was the old man very sad?

Ans: The old man was going to leave the children in the forest. They were his own children. His second wife forced him to take the children to the forest and leave them there alone. He was going to lose his children and he would never get his lovely children again. So, he was sad.

19. GRETEL

Short Answer Questions

1. Why does Gretel blame her father and brother? [HSEB Exam 2058] OR How does Gretel talk about Hansel and Grim Brothers?

Ans: Gretel blames her father as a drunkard, luxurious and cruel man. Hansel and his father live in a luxurious life but they forced her to live in a room. Hansel and she contracted with Grim Bros to keep the final manuscript -x:tn]vg_ with her and split -jf8\g] the profit fifty-fifty. But later, Hansel kept her under spell -df]xgL nufof] and rewrote contract and even changed the manuscript. In original manuscript Hansel was timid -sdhf]/_ so she helped him all the way. In contrast the book shows Hansel as a regular little knight and she come as a weak sister.

2. Do you think Gretel represents modern feminist woman? Give your opinion briefly.

Ans: I think Gretel represents modern feminist woman. She has analyzed -ljZn]if0f ug'{) her position presented in the story. Male dominated society -k'?if k|wfg ;dfh_ could not see woman from positive -;sf/fTds_ prospective -b[li6sf]0f_. At any cost -h;/L klg_ males want to be superior. She has revealed -vf]n]sL 5g\ the dominative -bdgsf/L_ nature of her brother and father. She does not say her step mother was bad. Likewise she is regreting her action of killing witch. Gretel thinks females are not bad and weak by birth but males make and present them as bad and weak, she is seeking -vf]lh/x]sL_ equal role of male and female in society.

17. THE BOARDING HOUSE

–James Joyce

Long Answer Questions

1. Briefly narrate the story 'The Boarding House.' [HSEB Exam 2063)

Ans: “The Boarding House” is a social story written by James Joyce. The writer deals with the experience of adolescence. The story is about an Irish middle class family living in Dublin. Mrs. Mooney, one of the main characters of the story, was a butcher’s daughter. She was very much confident and independent woman. She was married to her father’s foreman (helper). After marriage she started a butcher’s shop which she ran successfully. But her husband was very stupid and drunkard. He drank all the time and finished most of the property. He fell into a heavy debt. He quarreled with his wife and sometimes attacked her with a cleaver. So she had to go to neighbor’s house to sleep. Therefore she got divorced from her husband and opened a boarding house where many tourists, office workers, artists would come to stay.

Mrs. Mooney had a son and a daughter. Her daughter, Polly Mooney was a beautiful girl of 19. She fell in love with Mr. Doran, one of the young boys living at the boarding house. Mrs. Mooney suspected their relation but kept quiet watching their activities. One day she asked Miss Polly about went to Mr. Doran’s room and informed him that her mother had known their secret relation.

Mr. Doran fell in confusion not knowing what to do. In fact, he was not in mind of marrying Polly, she was not educated and her language was not good. She was the daughter of a butcher and her boarding house had no good fame. On the other hand, he was from gentle family and he had a good job. He thought that if he married her all his friends would laugh at him. Miss Polly began to weep but he asked her not to lose patience. At the same time maid (servant) came in his room and said that Mrs. Mooney wanted to talk to him. Wearing a coat he went to see her. Miss Polly sat alone in the room thinking about what he and her mother would make the decision. After sometime her mother called her and said that Mr. Doran wanted to speak to her.

Thus, the story ends in suspense. We don’t know what decision has been made. However, we can say that Mr. Doran must have agreed to marry Miss Polly.

2. What are the themes of the story? -o; syfsf d'Vo ljifoj:t'x¿ s] s] x'g\ <_

Ans: In "The Boarding House," we meet Mrs. Mooney, a working-class woman who rents rooms in her house to young male lodgers. Running a boarding house is a difficult life for a woman, but Mrs. Mooney has shown herself to be as resourceful in business as she was emancipating herself from her drunken,
(h8\≈of) abusive husband. She proves to be equally resourceful in seeking a husband for her nineteen-year-old daughter Polly. In this sense this story shows how women can take the responsibilities of any sort as per the situations.

The three principal characters are trapped in a network of social expectations and constraints from which it proves impossible to escape. For example, society expects Mrs. Mooney to be the passive spouse in a patriarchal household even though Mr. Mooney is revolting. But Mrs. Mooney’s failed marriage forces her to find a way to support herself and her two children, and she does so through her boarding house.

Mr. Doran’s fear of a dishonored reputation due to his affair with Poly Mooney, and the very real possibility of his losing his job when the news of his carelessness comes out shows that to go against the social restrictions may brings problems in life as in the case of this story.

2. Sketch the character of Mrs Mooney. [HSEB Exam 2058]

Ans: Mrs Mooney was a butcher's daughter -s;fOsf] 5f]/L_. She was a woman who was quite able to keep things to herself -s'/f n'sfP/ /fVg] a determined -b[9_ woman. She had married her father's foreman -gfOs] and opened a butcher's shop. After her father's death, her husband became drunkerd -h8\ofxf_ and went out of control so she divorced with him and took responsibility -bfloTj_ to look after -x]/rfx_ her two children. She started a boarding house from her remaining capital -afFsL /x]sf] k'FhL_. Many guests used to come in her boarding house go that she did very good business. Her cunning -rt'/_ and firm -b[9_ behaviours made her successful in business.

Mrs. Mooney had two children: a daughter Polly Mooney and a son, Jack Mooney. Polly Mooney was very beautiful. Polly Mooney used to work as a typist but due to her father's frequent -af/Daf/_ visit, Mrs. Mooney did not send her in job and involved her daughter in own business. Due to Polly Mooney's beauty the business went good. There was a rumors -xNnf_ of love affair between Polly Mooney and Mr Doran. Mrs Mooney heard the rumor but she remained silence. When the affair fully developed, she made plan to marry her daughter with Mr. Doran. She was a careful -xf]lzof/_, cunning -rt'/_ and foresight -b"/bzL{ woman, so she managed all the things sure that Mr Doran could not say no. First she collected all the information from her daughter and then prepared questionnaire -k|ZgfjnL_ to ask Mr Doran. After Mr Doran talked with her, he wanted to meet Polly Mooney.

Short Answer Questions

1. How do you think Mrs Mooney settled with Mr. Doran about Polly? Did Mr Doran marry Polly or pay out compensation? [HSEB Exam 2059] Or 'The Boarding House' ends in a suspense, Complete the story questing if Mr Doran accepted Miss Polly or not.

Ans: I think Mrs Mooney made Mr Doran to marry Polly Mooney. Mrs Mooney is a clever she had collected all the information related to their affair. She had determined to settle her daughter's marriage with Mr. Doran rather than to take compensation -Ifltk"lt{ . Mr Doran himself had three reasons to marry Polly Mooney. First, he had sexual relationship with her. Second, he used to afraid with Jack Mooney. The last one is if he did not marry Polly Mooney he had to give up the job and ran away from Dublin.

2. Why didn't Mr Doran want to marry Polly Mooney?

Ans: Due to -sf/0fn] Polly Mooney's personality, social status -;fdflhs

:t/_ and family background -kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld_, Mr Doran did not want to marry Polly Mooney. Her father was drunkard -h8\ofxf_ and her mother was running a boarding house. If he married with her, his friends would make fun. Moreover, -Tof]eGbf klg a9L_ Polly Mooney herself was not good in behaviour and her English was poor.

3. Do you think Mr Doran married Polly? Explain. (2070)

Ans: Yes, I think Mr. Doran married Polly. Polly was liked by many boys in the boarding house. But she has special relationship with Doran. When her mother moony called Doran to accept her daughter as his wife, he did not accept at first but later he remembered all those happiest moments that he had spent with Polly, and accepted her as his lovely wife.

Part - Three

COMPREHENSIVE PASSAGES

1. Read the following passage and answers the questions below: [2070] 5×3=15

In the minds of many people, there is no longer an issue. They argue that English has already become a world language, by virtue of the political and economic progress made by English-speaking nations in the past 200 years, and is likely to remain so, gradually so, gradually consolidating its position.

An impressive variety of facts about usage support view. According to conservative estimates, mother-tongue speakers have now reached around 300 million; a further 300 million use English as foreign language. This is an increase of around 40% since the 1950s. More radical estimates, which include speakers with a lower level of language fluency and awareness, have suggested that the overall total is these days well in excess of 1,000 million. The variation results largely form a lack of precise data about English language use in such areas as the Indian sub-continent, where the historical impact of the language exercises a continuing influence on many of its 900 million people, and chine, where there has been a burst of enthusiasm for English language studies in recent years, with over 100 million people watching the BBC television English series follow me. Even if only 10% of these learners become fluent, the effect on totals is dramatic; the number of foreign learners is immediately doubled.

Questions:

(a) Why is English becoming a world language?

Ans: English is becoming a world language because the economic and political condition. The non-English speaking nations such as China are also interested in English. English-speaking nations have become better than other nations.

(b) What is the estimated growth of English language?

Ans: According to conservative estimates, mother-tongue speakers have now reached around 300 million; a further 300 million use English as foreign language. Overall total is these days well in excess of 1,000 million people use English language.

(c) What is the influence of English in Indian sub-continent and China?

Ans: There is influence of English in Indian sub-continent in which 900 million use this language. Similarly, there has been a burst of enthusiasm for English language studies in China. Now, about 100 million Chinese watch BBC television English series "Follow me."

(d) What situation can 'immediately double' the number of foreign learners of English?

Ans: The number of foreign learners is immediately double because 10% of these learners become fluent; the effect on totals is dramatic. So, this situation can immediately double the number of the foreign learners of English.

(e) Do you think the use of English is really increasing as the passage claims? Give reasons.

Ans: We can easily say that English language users are really increasing day by day as the passage claim. So many reasons we have got. It is international language, spoken all over the world. Many institutions, Colleges, Universities, TOEFL, IELTS, SAT, GRE etc. are providing us English language all over the world.

2. Read the following passage and answers the questions below: 5×3=15

Daniel Defoe was born in London in 1660. He was very educated and spent many years of his studying religion and later travelling as a merchant. He traveled widely and built up a successful business. During this period, he married and started raising a family. However, around 1692, his business failed and fell into debt. Since he had always been interested in politics, he tried to earn money by writing political articles for the newspaper. But his political writing brought only troubles and increasing debts, and so Dafoe turned to fiction writing. His first novel, written in 1719 when Dafoe was nearly sixty years old, was to become one of the best known adventure stories in the world. The novel was Robinson Crusoe-a story which thrills readers even today, more than two hundred and fifty years later. Robinson Crusoe brought Defoe great success and helped his pay back, part of his debts. He continued writing novel such as Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack, and two other Robinson Crusoe's stories but none became as popular as the first one.

Questions:

(a) How did Daniel spend his early life?

Ans: Daniel spent his early life studying religion and travelling as merchant.

(b) Why did Defoe give up writing political articles?

Ans: Defoe gave up writing political articles because it only brought troubles and debts.

(c) What was Defoe's best known novel?

Ans: It was Robinson Crusoe.

(d) What are the novels that Daniel wrote?

Ans: Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flander, Colonel Jack are the novels that he wrote.

(e) How did he clear his debts?

Ans: He cleared his debts through the big sale of Robinson Crusoe.

3. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. 5×3=15

Antlers grow from permanent knob like bones on a deer's skull. Deer use their antlers chiefly to fight for mates or for leadership of a herd. Among most species of deer, only the males have antlers, but both the male and female reindeer and caribou have antlers. Muck deer and Chinese water deer do not have antlers at all. Deer that live in mild or cold climates lose their antlers each winter, New ones begin to grow the next spring. Deer that live in tropical climates may lose their antlers and grow new ones at other times of year.

New antlers are soft and tender. Thin skin grows over the antlers as they develop. Short, fine, hair on the skin makes it look like velvet full grown antlers are hard and strong. The velvety skin dries up, and the deer rubs the skin off by scrapping its antlers against trees. The antlers fall of several months later. The size and shape of the deer's antlers depend on the animal's age and health. The first set grows when the deer is from one two years old. On most deer the first antlers are short and straight. As deer gets older, their antlers grow larger and from intricate branches.

Quesations

i. According to the passage, how do deer primarily use their antlers?

Ans: According to the passage, Deer, primarily use their antlers to fight for mates or for leaderships of a heard.

ii. In what way are reindeer and caribou different from other types of deer?

Ans: Reindeer and Caribou are different from other types of deer because most of other types of deer's only the males have antlers whereas -hals_ both the male and female reindeer and caribous have antlers.

iii. When do the deer that live in temperate climates begin to grow their antlers?

Ans: The deer that live in temperate climates begin to grow their antlers in the next spring.

iv. What factors influence the size shape of a deer's antlers?

Ans: The age of a deer and health influence the size and shape of it's antlers.

v. What happens to deer's antlers as the deer grow older?

Ans: As the deer grow older, their antlers grow larger and form intricate branches.

4. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: 5×3=15

After having lived for over twenty years in the same only, Suman was forced to move to a new neighborhood. She surprised her landlord by telling him that she was leaving because she could not afford to buy any more chocolate. It all began a year ago when Suman returned home one evening and found a large dog in front of her gate. She was very fond of animals and as the dog. The next day, the dog was there again. It held up its paws and received another piece of chocolate as a reward.

Suman called her new friend 'Bingo'. She never found out the dog's real name, nor who his owner was. However, Bingo appeared regularly every afternoon and it was clear that he preferred chocolate to bones. He soon grew dissatisfied with small pieces of chocolate and demanded a large bar a day. If at any times Suman neglected her duty, Bingo got very angry and refused to let her open the gate. Suman was spent such a large part of her salary to keep Bingo supplied with chocolate that in the end she had to move somewhere else.

Questions:

(i) What did Suman see in front of her gate one evening? What did she give it?

Ans: Suman saw a large dog infront of her gate one evening. She gave it a small piece of chocolate evening.

(ii) Why did the dog become a regular visitor?

Ans: The dog became regular visitor because it preferred chocolate to bone.

(iii) What did Bingo demand in time?

Ans: Bingo demanded chocolate in time.

(iv) What would Bingo do if he did not receive the thing he wanted?

Ans: If Bingo didnot receive the thing he wanted, he became angry and refused to let suman open the gate.

(v) Why did Suman decide to move to a new neighbourhood?

Ans: Suman was not able to supply the demand of the chocolate of Bingo so that she decided to move to a new neighbourhood.

5. Read the following passage and answer the questions below.

School and college should train you in the two great basic tools of the mind; the use of words and the use of numbers. School or college can give you a start toward the special skills that you may need in a trade, business or profession. But remember: as soon as you enter an occupation, you will be strongly tempted to fall into the routine of it, to become just a part of that occupation which is just one part of the nation. In college from books, from teachers, from fellow students - you can get a view of the whole of your nation, how it started how it grew, what it is, what it means. Each day will add breadth to your view and a sharper comprehension of your own role. To develop fully your own character you must know your country's character. A plant partakes of the character of the soil in which it grows. You are a plant that is conscious, that thinks. You must study our soil-which is your country- in order that you may be able to draw its strength up into your own strength.

It will pay you to do so. You will understand your own problems better and solve them more easily if you have studied your nation's problems and done something toward their solution. You have to look out for yourself and your country. Self-interest and patriotism, rightly considered, are not contradictory ideas. They are partners.

Questions:

(a) In what ways can school and college train you in your career?

Ans: School and college can train us in our career in two ways: They train us in two basic tools of the mind: the use of words and the use of numbers.

(b) Explain the meaning of "your country's character'.

Ans: They can train us towards the special skills that we need in a trade, business or profession.

(c) How is your character related to your country's character?

Ans: We grow in the country. Our conscious is determined by the soil environment) of the country therefore our character is related to our country's character.

(d) How are self-interest and patriotism partners?

Ans: We can understand our problem better and solve them more easily if we have studied our nation problems and done something towards their solutions. We have to look out for ourselves and our country. Hence self-interest and patriotism are partners.

(e) What conclusion do you draw about the importance of education from the given passage?

Ans: Education is a basic tool for the development of mind and career. When we get good education we can make our career better. Education provides us knowledge about our country's history and present situation. Country's condition determines our character. What environment we get in the country that can be reflected in our career. Education gives knowledge about the relationship between self-interest and patriotism.

6. Read the following passage and answer the questions below: 15

When the next Olympic Games begin, satellites will carry T.V. pictures of the opening ceremony to millions of people thousands of miles away. From their armchairs these people will be able to see their country's athletics competing in events and may be winning a bronze, silver or even gold medal.

When we consider the size, the spectacle and the commercialism of the modern Olympic Games, It is difficult to remember that they started in Olympia in Greece in 776 BC with only one race for which the prize for the winner was an olive garland.

The idea of an international Olympic Games was conceived by a French man and appropriately the first Olympic Games opened in Athens in 1896. Nowadays, major cities compete not only to host the Olympic Games, but for the vast amount of profit a host country can make.

Questions:

(a) How will the pictures of the opening ceremony reach millions of people?

Ans: Satellites will carry T.V. pictures of the opening ceremony to millions of people.

(b) What can people watch on the T.V. about their country's athletics?

Ans: People can watch their country's athletics, competing in events and may be winning medals on TV.

(c) Where, when and how did the Olympic Games start?

Ans: Olympic Games started in Greece in 778 BC with only one race for which the prize for the winner was on olive garland.

(d) Give two reasons for major cities competing to host the Olympic Games?

Ans: Two reasons for major cities competing to host the Olympic Games are:

(i) For the vast amount of profit.

(ii) To be popular in the international area.

Part - Four

LETTER WRITING

1. You are studying at a college away from your house. Write a letter to a friend telling him/her what it is like. [HSEB - 2068]

Ans:

Baneshwor, Kathmandu

2068-3-20

Dear Prajwal

I am thankful to you for your letter that I got yesterday. I am happy to know about you college in Biratnagar. Now I am going to describe my college in Baneshwor.

The college where I am studying is Bright Future College. It lies in Banseshower. It has occupied about a fifteen ropani of land. It is big, it has seven buildings. Five highly facilitated buildings are used for classes and two for official uses. There is a big play ground for valleyball and basket ball. This college have been surrounded with a beautiful garden where beautiful flowers and plants are kept. The surrounding is very much clean and peaceful. There is good water supply. There is a canteen where students and teachers enjoy lots of varieties and refreshments. There is a library and science lab too. The library is well facilitated with varieties of books and journals. Many new and scientific books are kept there. The science lab is well equipped. The teacher, too are well qualified, gentle and loving. I like the way they teach. Classes are very interesting and entertaining. I like my school very much.

I hope you too are studying well there in your school. Please write me time and again.

With best wishes ...........

Yours sincerely

Prabin

2. Write a letter to your pen friend describing one of the problems that Nepal has been facing since a long time.

Majhathana - 5, Kaski

2 August 2015

Dear Roshan

I got your letter last weekk. I found this letter the most interesting one. According to your request to know about the problem that Nepal has been facing since a long time. I am going to inform you about refugees. One of the serious problems for Nepal since 1990s. There are more than 1,05,000 Bhutanese refugees.

United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) has set up 7 refugee camps. But these are not all. The UNHCR provides food and other necessities, costing 10 million US$ annually in support with its partners. The process of refugees certification is going on -rln/x]sf_]. Our government is trying its best to repatriation diplomatically. Refugees themselves are also struggling against their government's suppression. Now the process of their settlement in third countries has been going on -rln/x]sf] 5_.

Bhutanese refugee is a problem for Nepal. First and foremost cause is it is deteriorating diplomatic relation with Bhutan. Unemployment problems and crisis in infrastructural facilities are other problems by Bhutanese refugee.

I hope you will collect some information about refugee from this letter. I will write new information about it later on. I want to say good bye now.

With best wishes

Rabina Tiwari

3. Write an application for the post of cook.

Ans:

Kathmandu

19th July 2009

The Personal Manager

Everest Hotel

New Baneshwor Kathmandu

Dear Sir,

In response to your advertisement published in The Kathmandu Post of 17th July 2009, I wish to apply for the post of 'Cook'. I am young man of 22 and have passed + 2 in Hotel Management in 2005. After that I took six months training in cooking in Hotel Management Training Center. I have been working as the cook's assistant in Hotel Malla since 2006. On manj occasions I have done cooking independently. I am assured that my qualifications and experiences would be beneficial for the post.

I would be greatful if you would give me on opportunity to offer my qualification, experience, devotion and enthusiasm in you hotel. The photo copies of my qualification, experience and C.V. are attached here with.

Your faithfully

Ramesh Tiwari

4. Write a letter to the editor describing an amazing event.

Ans:

Bagbazar

Kathmandu.

3rd May, 2011.

The Editor,

The Himalayan Times

Kathmandu.

Dear Sir,

I would be very grateful if you would allow a little space in your widely circulated an popular newpaper in order to publish and amazing event with which I happened to encounter last month. I do hope, my article certainly gets published. The article as the description of the event in given below:

An Encounter with an Amazing Object

Last month, I visited my native village in Karki district. On the 5th this month, I went to the Madi River for fishing but I could not get any fish. As the sun was about to set, I saw a bright object flying in the sky and thought it must have been a helicopter but it did not have any noise. I got surprised and looked at it deeply. It gradually took on the shape of a saucer and landed on the bank about 40 meters away. As I walked to the object, I was automatically drawn into a vessel. I found myself in a room. I saw many control panels and flashing lights.

I was afraid but I was requested to be seated. A voice told me I was chosen to convey their message to the people of the earth. The spaceship was from another planet, I was told. The people of that planet wanted us to preserve the natural resources. They told me that if we destroy our natural resources, our existence will be over within a few hundred years. They have suggested that cans, bottles, old household appliances which are no longer in use should be recycled. While they were telling me something I happened to see outside and saw this earth very small like a volleyball. After sometime, the ship came back to the bank of the river. They have given me a tiny computer as a proof that I have met the people from another planet. As I got off the ship, it flew and immediately disappeared in the sky.

I am eager to seeing the article in the coming publication.

Faithfully yours,

Rajan Tiwari

5. Stating suitable qualifications and experience, write a job application for the post of Accountant addressing the manager, Asian development Bank, Kathmandu.

Ans:

3rd May, 2008

The Manager,

Asian Development Bank

Kathmandu, Nepal

Dear Sir,

I would like to apply for the post of accountant that was advertised in The Himalayan Times on 1st May 2008. I have completed B.B.S. from Prithivi Narayan Campus Pokhara in 2004 by securing good first division marks. I have been working in Laligurash Finance limited in Sundhara as an accountant since 2004. I have done diploma in computer. I have good command over English and Nepali language. At present I am looking for a prestigious job where I could use my full enthusiasm and potentiality I have attached a photocopy of my certificates, detail bio-date and passport size photo that would provide you more information about me.

If you would provide me the opportunity for the post, I would use my capacity, experience and qualification for the betterment of the bank. I am looking forward to hearing from you in near future.

Yours Faithfully

Sonija Rokha.

7. Letter of thanks to someone for doing something thoughtful.

Ans:

Daraun-1, Syangja

2069-05-31

Dear Mr. Devkota,

I would like to convey my sincere thanks to you for your recent consideration. It was so kind of you to speak favorable about me to my chief. It was just what I needed but never expected! You always seem to know the perfect time to say or do. I am truly touched by your generosity, your spirit, and willingness to get out of your way to help me. You are my real friend. I am indeed lucky to have a friend like you in my life. Thank you again for being so thoughtful.

Sincerely Yours

Prakash Adhikari

8. Letters of thanks to your friend for including you in an outing.

Ans:

Kathmandu

2069-05-12

Dear Mr. Ram,

Thank you very much for taking me with you on the pilgrimage. I had a very lovely and memorable time with you all. Thanks for making me feel so comfortable and giving me the opportunity of your company. I enjoyed the time at Manakamana temple.

Sincerely yours

Prashanta Adhikari

9. Write an application letter for the post of primary level English teacher.

Syangja-1, Daraun

16th Feb 2012

The Principal

Sitala Devi English Boarding School, Syangja

Dear Sir/Madam,

I’m informed about the vacant post of your school from the Pokhara Patra of February 12, 2012. As my academic qualification and teaching experience meet your criteria, I’m viable for the post.

I passed my SLC from Daraun Higher Secondary school, Syangja. I passed my SLC with first division. I taught at Prithvi Boarding School as volunteer for six months. After passing my SLC, I went Ptithvi Narayan Multiple campus for my I.A. Since my first year, I have been teaching in Kumidindi School, Pokhara. In this school I’ve been teaching, English and Social Studies. Due to my involvement in teaching I get chance to know about the teaching environment and as well as teaching techniques. If you have any query reading my academic qualification and teaching experience, you are requested to contact to the references which I’ve mentioned in my curriculum vitae. I look forward hearing from you.

Sincerely yours

Prakash Adhikari

Part - Five

ESSAY/PARAGRAPH WRITING

Essay Writing

1. Write about a festival you like most.

Holi Festival

Holi is the one of great festival of the Hindus. Generally this festivals falls in the month of Falgun. It provides great fun and joy. This festival can be said as the festival of colours. We play with the colours.

As we know the name of the festivals is related with a girl called Holika who sat in the fire with great devotee Prahalad, the son of Hiranyakasshyapu to kill Pralahad. But they becomes unsuccessful to kill him. We celebrate in the memory of that event. People enjoy in this festival by sprinkling colour water on one another. They sing and dance in this festival. It makes us forget our anxieties. All people share joy and happiness. As we know that excess of anything is bad. In this sense. We can see some bad aspects of this festivals. Saying that this festival is for enjoying, people drink a lot, smoke a lot to enjoy in this occasion.

They say any anything in their intoxicated mind. They sometimes abuse women because of that bad and evil incidents take place on such a religious occasion.

This festival should be celebrated without drinking and smoking, then it provides lots of joy and happiness. We must realize this is the festival of happiness and joy.

2. Unemployment Problem in Nepal.

Unemployment problem is one of the burning problem of Nepal. There are various causes of unemployment such as agro-based economy rapid population growth, theoretical education system, political instability and defective policy of the nation. Consequently millions of youth have become jobless and have been going to abroad for employment.

The main production of our country is agriculture. The system of agriculture is traditional. There is lack of irrigation, improved seeds, new technology and fertilizer so that people could not run their life from agriculture. Our education system is theoretical. Those persons who have passed Bachelor's Degree or Master's Degree, they don't have opportunity in the country therefore they are forced to go gulf countries as labourers. Similarly other literate and semi-literate youths are our compelled to work in India as labourers. Here are not big industries and factories so that rapidly increasing demand of employment for increasing population is not sufficient. Due to unemployment different types of social problems and evils like theft, robbery, drug addiction, suicide and so on are swiftly increasing.

To solve unemployment problems should provide practical and skill oriented education. Different vocational training should be managed. Agriculture system must be modernized, big factors and industries should be established different parts of the country utilizing local means and resources.

3. Jealousy

Jealousy is one of the traits of human being. The degree of jealousy differs from person to person. When some people see others success, they become jealous. If you see others beautiful wife, you become jealous towards her. When a friend scores good marks in an exam his friend becomes jealous.

Jealousy gives birth to selfishness. 100% selfish free life is not possible. We should handle jealousy positively that gives you positive force to progress in our life. But the jealousy should not be reflected on the surface that will bring destruction. For instance if your classmate secured good marks in the exam. You become jealous towards his marks and you start to do labour in your study. This is the positive aspect of jealousy. It will lead you towards success. But if you only start to criticize him that will ultimately, it will ruin your life. The effect of jealousy depends on its handling.

4. Life and Art

Life is the gift of God and Art is the creation of man. Life and art are inseparable. Life is transitory whereas art is permanent. To create art is the attempt of man to come out of the temporariness to permanency.

Life is mortal. It is the collection of good and bad, Sweet and biter experiences. There are different ways for man to get success. There are moments of sadness and failure. Man has goal passion, insight and aspiration in his life. All these things pass away. Man indulges himself in creative activities what we call art. In art man reflects his desires, feelings emotions and cultures. Artistic activities are painting composing, music, dancing, and poems and so on. Art remains for ages. It is the creation of mind and heart so it is related to spiritual desire of man. Art makes life of man meaningful and long lasting. Art gives a kind of deep satisfaction for the artist that's why man takes shelter in literature, painting, music and so forth.

5. My aim in Life

Life is a series of success and failure. People keep on running chasing the success; some achieves it whereas some fails to. But running in life is essential. But what makes a person run throughout his/her life? Obviously it is an individual's aim. It is supposed that human beings without any aim are like a monkey. Aim is that force which always suggests human beings to run without any tiredness.

Aim of any individual directs him/her to a certain path and the people keep walking on it disturbingly. And finally reacts to a destination despite of huge difficulties and obstacles. But a person without any aim is like a man standing in the mid of hundred paths and have no idea which one to follow. So, aim is very important for an individual.

My aim in life is to be a writer. Since my school days I fell into the spell of books. Books were the most entertaining source for me. The stories used to take me to a world of fantasies. Thus, I got highly influenced by the writers and their writing. I found that writer has a great power to change to world. Their words are very strong and powerful. The great revolution around the world got fuel from the writings of these famous writers like Martin Luther King, Voltaire, and John Locke. So, highly influenced by these people I too want to be a writer. As a writer I want to abolish the evil norms of society. I want to encourage people for the unification among the humans and defying the evil beliefs and practices within us. As a writer I feel as I can generate some knowledge to remove the ignorance of the people.

In the context of Nepal a large population of people is diverse as per the political parties. They are fighting with each other for acquiring power of authority. So, I want to become a writer in my life and persuade people to unify with each other for the common welfare of the society and Nation. I want to tell the people that real development of Nepal and Nepalese lies in the unification among the people. Hence, my aim in life is to become a writer and aware people.

6. Social Work

Human beings are social animal that not only cares about itself but also works for common interest. Due to its high sensation, developmental power and emotional level it tends to take care of others too. Human beings live in the society and receive help from each other. They feel hurt on others pain and feel rejoice on others happiness. Thus, Social work is the outcome of human sensation of feeling of others sentiment.

None of the people in this world are equal in term of facilities, wealth, happiness and satisfaction. Some people enjoying the most sophisticated infrastructures and luxuries. Whereas some are dying without a single loaf of bread. So, social work is such discipline that manages to bring happiness in peoples face. Florence Nightingale also called as 'Lady with the Lamp' is one of the famous social worker who helped the wounded of war during Second World War. She worked hard even throughout the whole night without sleeping to reduce the pain of the wounded. Another living idol of social work is Mother Teresa who without getting married raised thousands of children and make them able to sustain healthily in society. Social work is not an ordinary task, it needs a huge dedication, humanity and great amount of love for life of others. Not the people can be involved in a steepy journey of social work. Only those people who can raise their thoughts from personal happiness and have courage to take tough tasks not far oneself but for saving others happiness can be a social worker. To be a social worker one does not need a large storage of money. But he/she needs a big heart that is able to conjure-up others feelings as their own.

Today there are lots of examples of social work running throughout the world. The most crisis area of humanity like Africa is directly benefitted from social work. Different organization is involved in fulfilling the hunger of African people. Besides that they are running health programmers, educational programmers and employment programmers. Hence, social work reflects the humanity of human beings.

8. Write an essay on Role of youths on Nation Building. [HSEB Exam 2068]

Role of Youths on Nation Building

Youths are foundation for the development of a country. They are energetic, enthusiastic and creative. They can play vital role for scientific invention, political change and overall development of society as well as country.

Youths love to do new experience and creative works. They can event new things that could contribute for the development of nation for development we need skillful semi- skillful and unskilled manpower that is fulfilled by the youths. They can also handle difficult works easily because of their energy, curiosity and skill.

Any political change of our country, they have played vital role. Form different angle. They organize mass meeting, participate actively in political programs and bring the senior leader in right path. The end of Ranarchay, Panchayat and Monarchy in Nepal so many youths have sacrificed their and being injured for the sake of nation and people.

Youths only can bring cultural and social. Change in society various kinds of problems such as drug addiction, human trafficking dowry system and so on are seem. To solve these problem youths can organize awareness, literacy and other such programs from their own level. They can preserve the cultural as well as natural heritages which are the possession of future genera.

In conclusion we can say youths are reliable source of development. By utilizing their capacity, knowledge and wisdom they can development our country physically, economically and politically environmentally and culturally.

9. Write an essay on "Travelling in the dark through the dense forest." [HSEB - 2068]

Ans: Travelling is an activity of going from one place to another using vehicle. We may travel either for job or for entertainment. Travelling is normally an entertaining activity. But travelling in the dark is dangerous and travelling in the dark through the dance forest is likely to be more dangerous. It may have different types of experiences. As we travel we are away from home. We may feel tired. In the dark, the visibility may be poor. Accidents are likely to occur on the way in the dark. We can't notice what is around the way we are travelling in the forest. There live many kinds of animals. They may be dangerous to us. They may attack us in the forest while travelling.

They may be sleeping or running across the road, they may cause accidents on the road. Travelling in the dark through the forest may create lonely feeling. While travelling in the dark through the forest we cannot stop on the way that, we may not feel secure. We cannot get anything to eat from outside because there is no human settlement of human beings around. We are bound to cross the forest without any stop. There is high possibility of danger on the way while travelling in the dark through the forest. We feel away from human community and we may have the doubt of reaching the human community again. This may cause feeling hopeless. We may feel ourselves in between life and death. And what we must think is we have to cross the forest sooner, safer and easier.

10. Write an essay on the role of English Language in the context of present Nepal. [HSEB Exam 2069]

Role of English Language

English is a universal language for the people. It has proved itself to be a common language for all the people from different originality. Today the world has turned into a global village and English language has contributed a lot for it. People can easily share the achievements, problems, ideas each other through this language. Thus, English language is a bridge that connects every individual of the world.

In the ancient times people had faced a lot of difficulties in trade, business, and education due to the lack of a common language. Due to this the co-operative was established as a common language the developmental activities speed-up. People joined hands in hands for the co-operated globally. The relationships among the countries were even better. The good and effective communication made the relationship even stronger in between the countries. The situation of war and conflict was very much reduced as they could communicate about their problems and issues. Bigger organizations like SAARC, UNO were established for the purpose of regional development.

English language erased the feeling of differences among the people. The most importantly it has facilitated the education system. People could easily study at any universities of the world. Today large numbers of Asian students are getting education in European and American countries and are importing new technologies and ideas.

English language is even more fruitful for the developing countries because these countries are not able to create new technologies but they can share the achievement made by the developed. But one must be very careful that in the name of adopting global language one should not forget their original language. They should take English language as their means of fulfilling their needs but should consider their language as their identity.

11. Write an essay on "The Role of Education for National Development". [2069]

The Role of Education for National Development

Education is the essence of life that leads a person from darkness to the light. Education is a valuable discipline of human beings that has enriched our human culture from the beginning. Education makes a person civilized and helps him to be an Ideal part of the society. There is a great role of education to build the presence society. The today's modern society in terms of science, art, culture is the result of education of the people.

Today human society is in its advanced form. Human beings are able to touch even moon. All these advances are possible due to education. Science, art, literature, sports, music are the components of the modern society that are the outcome of education. Human beings has emphasized on the importance of education. They have conducted research and investigation hundreds of years after years on different disciplines. Thus, today human are the most civilized social animal.

Without education one is considered as monkey without tail. Education provides an individual with the motives of his life. There are different forms of getting information. Nature is the greatest educator for human beings. Human beings are always influenced by nature directly. Human beings learnt about natural process of birth and death, utilization of resources; need to conserve it from the nature.

Today, modern schools and universities are established with the motives of educating people. People in education at the pat people used to consider their hunger and desire as the primary target of human beings. But today people's primary need is the education. Though, education is the essence of human life but the people of the developing country like Nepal are still miles away from the bright light of education. Due to the peoples' ignorance and disability of the government to establish schools, the people from the remote areas are deprived of education. Though the government has enlisted right to education as the fundamental rights, however some people are completely illiterate. The situation of female in the field of education is even worst. It is supposed that if female gets educated then they won't involve in household work. But actually the fact is that if a female gets educated then the whole family will be educated because she is the one to bring up the children. She cans instant the moral values and disciplines and morality in children. Hence, education is very much important for the gradual development of every aspect of the human society.

12. Write an essay on describing an interesting event you witnessed. [2069]

The life of an individual is the series of events that takes place one after another. One event takes place and we forget the previous and the life goes on like this. But some events in our life can never be forgotten. Likewise different events came and passed by my life but one event is most memorable events of my life. Once we were on a hiking trip and there we set a forest on fire and were chased by the people.

Me, my brothers and some of our friends decided to go on a hiking to Shivapuri forest. We packed all the lunches and water and started our journey. The walk on the hill to Sivapuri was quite hard as it was very sunny day. After a walk uphill for about one and a half hour we felt thirsty and hungry. So we sat down on a circle to have some food and drink. We ate some portion of our lunch and kept rest for after a while. After half an hour walk from that spot we were just below the cliff of Tare-bhir. We were walking exhaustingly to reach the top. Suddenly, my cousin found a match-stick box on the way. So, he started playing with that box. He threw the fire stick to the cliff.

Unfortunately one matchstick went right to the dry grasses on the coffin count fire. As it was a windy day, so the fire soon spread all out the cliff. We tried our best to put off the fire but it was useless. A big mount of smoke rose over the hill. The people in the neighborhood immediately came towards us in a group. We were very much nervous and terrified. So we ran down the hills without caring about fire. After half an hour run downhill finally we stopped and moved towards our home. The next day we came to know that the fire was foot off by the local people and no one was hurt except some tree. This event taught me a lesson that even a single blink of fire can turn into a big flame. So, we must be careful with fire. From that day onward I started being very much careful with fire and especially when I am in or around forest. So, this was the most memorable event of my life.

13. Dashain

The festival of Dashain is the biggest festival of Hindus. This festival is celebrated as a symbol of victory of truth over evil and injustice. Dashain also brings joy and happiness among the people.

This festival is celebrated once a year. Like other Hindu festival Dashain has alos evolved from a myth. It is supposed that there was an evil named 'Mahisashoor' who used to kill people and give them trouble. He also used to challenge gods and want to defeat them. But 'Manisashoor' finally was killed by goddess Durga. The fight between 'Mahisashoor' and goddess Durga went on for ten days. So the final tenth day is also called as 'Vijaya Dashami'.

Vijaya Dashami is the national festival of Nepal. This festival is celebrated throughout t e country with great happiness and joy. People staying at foreign land too visit their family during this festival. People put on new clothes and enjoy delicious food during this festival. Besides the entertainment there is a religious importance of this festival. The followers of Durga during this festival pray her and remain in fastening for ten days. It's believed that those who make goddess Durga happy during this period will gain Power from her.

As the festival lasts for ten days so, each day has its own importance. The first beginning day of the festival is named as 'Ghatasthapana'. During this day the people visit different temples. They bring sand from the river and plant a special vegetation called as 'Jamara'. This vegetation is put on the final tenth day of the festival along with 'tika'. The next important day of this festival is 'fulpati'. In the seventh day as 'Fulpati' people bring some special kind of vegetation including banana plant, sugarcane etc. and keep them the goddesses' temple. At the eight day called as 'Asthami' people give the animal offerings to goddess. And eat its meat as 'prashad'. Finally at the tenth day the families gathers at a place and receive 'tika' and 'Jamara' from the elder with blessings. This day helps to increase bond of relationships.

The festival of Dashain brings happiness and Joy among the people but there are something in our festival that we should consider. The tradition of sacrificing innocent animals does not seem appropriate. So, as far as possible we should celebrate our festival without hurting others. Gambling and Alcohol should not be encouraged. Instead, this festival should be celebrated with harmony and happiness with every creature. Finally, our festival can remain as a true idol of peace a prosperity.

14. New Year

New Year is a time at which a new calendar year begins. New Year brings refreshment and a new spirit among the people. The New Year celebration differs from different cultures. Most of the people around the globe follow the Gregorian date whereas there are other calendars that have their peculiar date of celebrating New Year.

In the context of Gregorian calendar January 1st is considered as the first day of the year. This day is celebrated as New Year. The governments following this calendar announce a public holiday on this date people exchange cards, gifts and wish a happy New Year to friends and families. People got to different places with their families and friends and enjoy delicious food. Some people even go for picnic on this day. The Gregorian begins after the death of Jesus Christ. It is believed that Julies Caesar, the popular Roman emperor first proposed the idea of having January 1st as the date of New Year in 46 BS.

Expect Gregorian calendar Chinese follow their own calendar. Chinese New Year is also known as the Lunar New Year that occurs. Every year on the new moon of the first from January through March. Nepalese follow their own calendar that has the history of two thousand and sixty-nine years. This calendar is named after a famous king called as Bikram Aditya. Thus, called as Bikram sambat (B.S.).

Nepalese people celebrate Baisakh 1st as the first day of New Year. During this day Nepalese people put tika and receive blessings from their elders.

15. My Best Teacher

A teacher is a person who shows way to the people without the proper guidance of a teacher one cannot be a successful person. Teacher is like a stick to a blind person. We find different teacher in different steps of our life but some teacher are really like a catalyst in the intellectual development of a children. The success or the failure of one child upto some extent depends upon the teacher. Some teacher has very special encouraging power that motivates a child throughout his life. Same way I have a best teacher in my life who encouraged me a lot in my school days and his name is P.N. Dahal.

I was not very smart kid during my early classes. I was considered as so good kid. But my education took a turn when I met him. He used to ask to write essay about things or sometimes to make us critically analyze on some subject matter. There I use to put forward my views. He used to check my copy with some strange attitude. He used to check my copy with some strange attitude. He used to tell me that my writing was quite strong and could be ever better. I don't know whether my writing was really strong or not but I used to feel very proud whenever he used to say that. I never missed any of his assignment expecting that he would praise me any yes I used to get my reward. Then, I freely used to express my views without any hesitation. Actually, he had made me a hero in the classroom. With is praise and encouragement I practiced a lot in my writing and I now feel that though my writing was not so good for praise but is quite better than others of my grade.

His simple encouragement shaped a good frame for writing. Don't know whether my writing was good enough to receive such praise or not but it has helped me a lot in my educational carrier. Now he is too much far from me but his contribution in my life will go throughout my life. And I am happier that many kids like me might have got same treatment from him and might have become successful in their lives. Thus, he is the best teacher in my life.

16. Write an essay on the advantages of Sports.

Ans: In the past, I have never been inclined to participate in sports. Honestly, I didn’t like it, but many persons whom I lived with kept telling me everyday how good it was. Since the peer pressure was growing, I decided to go to the gym. It wasn’t until then that I could really understand people when they said exercise really helped a person get organized and keep yourself in a healthy physically and mentally.

For starters, when you are a lazy person, it is difficult to take the first step, but it is all a matter of committing yourself to something that will provide you a lot of positive feedback. Once you start doing exercise and observing positive results, you actually enjoy it. It takes a lot of effort and strong will, but it's worth it. The principal thing to do is to participate in an activity you like. If you do you’ll start organizing your day in a way that enables you to do everything you have to, including exercising? You will no longer be a person stressed-out without time to carry on with all your activities.

Second, it is obvious that once you exercise you will have a better condition. You will be healthier in a physical way. It is probable that you will lose weight and your muscles will get stronger and stronger. Your body will feel good, full of energy and it will respond immediately to any action you want to do, any activity that has to be done with high spirits.

The third reason why exercising is good is that it affects you positively in a mental and psychological way. Doing exercise helps you set specific goals which along with strong will can be achieved. When you do that, you are aware of your abilities, accept your weaknesses, and your self-esteem goes up. Any sport distracts you because it helps you not to think about school, friends, problems, among other things. It brings you time to think about yourself and no one else. It helps you keep your mind busy and to avoid dangerous habits like drugs.

Doing exercise is very important to any person of any age. The positive effects of exercising, which I’ve already mentioned, are like a chain. Once you do a sports activity that you like, you get organized; therefore, you start doing things the right way and get enormous benefits which make you feel good as a whole human being. You start living your life happily.

17. Write an essay on ‘Inclusive Education’.

Ans: Inclusive education refers to the participation of all children in education regardless of their caste, gender, status, ethnicity etc. Many developed countries wanted to include people from different spheres to participate in socio-cultural life and in the mainstream of national development as a result, the concept of inclusive education emerged.

There are three issues to be considered if the system of education has to be inclusive. They are:

i. Adequate school space

ii. Demand of parents

iii. Positive discrimination

The first issue prioritizes the management of classrooms playing grounds and other facilities that can help to adjust the children form different ethnic groups and from different linguistic or social background. The school must be the place to foster all the potentiality of the children.

The second issue emphasizes on the response and responsibility of the stake-holders. Without parental demands, we can not materialize inclusive education. We should be able to encourage parents to send their children to school to provide better opportunities for them.

The third issue is very important. It addresses that learners should be discriminated in terms of their difficulties and abilities. All learners can not be involved in the same kind of learning activities. The learner should get individual care from the teachers. The learning materials, space in the classroom, sitting arrangement and teacher’s language should facilitate their learning. The main motto of inclusive education is to provide comfortable and free-learning environment for all the children.

18. Write Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Phone.

Ans: Advantages

· Easy means of communication as it is run by battery (Cell).

· People can talk freely and comfortably as its name suggests that it is mobile.

· People not only can talk but can also listen to music from radio in the mobile. So, it is a great source of entertainment.

· People can also do SMS if they don’t like to talk.

· We can take the world in our hand due to the facility of wireless internet.

Disadvantages

· Its makes people lazy as everything is done by the mobile phone hence, people hardly use their brain.

· It encourages people to spend more money as it is always with them and to maintain good relation they can’t help calling their near ones and dear ones.

· It promotes crime and it creates a sense of insecurity in people, as they are always conscious about losing their costly cell phone. (Mobile Phone)

· People can be less creative due the excessive use of mobile phone.

19. Write your view on Dowry System.

Ans: The concept of dowry is widely prevalent in South Asian Countries. In fact it is often taken as something indispensable in the marriage. Dowry is the wealth given to a woman at her marriage, which may be in the form of movable and immovable properties. The girl, no matter how well qualified she is, often needs a dowry to be the choice of a well-to-do family. The boy's family first of all talks about the details of the dowry the family can afford, and only then jumps to the next step, the girl. The dowry is called Daijo in Nepal and Dahej in India. It is also often called Tilak, which is the money the girl's family must pay to the bridegroom's family. There will be no marriage unless the deal about money is finalized. The family's status is thought to be boosted in society if they can give a large dowry. If they are financially weak and cannot afford the amount, they take loans and sometimes mortgage their lands and property. There are incidents where a wealthy father has turned into a pitiably poor person after paying dowry to all of his daughters.

On the girl's part also, she will have to bear mental and physical torture if her family fails to give the promised amount of dowry, or the amount demanded by her husband's family. There are many incidents where the girl is burnt alive or smothered for not bringing enough dowry with her from her home. The death of a girl for dowry-related reasons is called dowry death.

Although the situation is not that grave in Nepal, it is really alarming in the case of India and Bangladesh.

***

HSEB Solution 2072

Compulsory English Set 'C'

Attempt all the questions.

1. Read the following passage and answer the questions below: 5×3=15

Andrew Quinn, a systems manager at a toy company is starting to learn about his fellow employees than he had ever wanted to know. He has found that one co-worker has a weakness for herbal remedies, another likes jokes about women drivers and another checks the lottery numbers each morning.

The manager knows these things because about a month ago, Mr. Quinn installed a new piece of software on the computer network that enables him to monitor not only every website that his employees browse, but every e-mail that they send or receive. With a few clicks, he can open a window on a computer screen and see the senders, recipients and subject headings of each message. These details help him figure out exactly what is straining server.

In fact, Ritvik Toys is one of hundreds of companies that are looking at worker's correspondence on routine basis. And the number companies regularly doing so is soaring. Managers give variety of reasoning for installing such software. Some lookout for oversize e-mail attachment that dog networks. Others seek to dissuade and discourage employees from using their systems for personal activities. And others want to make sure that employees are not sending message that disturb or hut others.

Questions:

(a) What weakness did Andrew Quinn find about his co-workers?

(b) How did they misuse their time?

(d) How did the managers of different companies explain the situation?

(e) What should the office workers do during the office hours?

Answers:

a) He found that one co-worker had a weakness for herbal remedies, another liked jokes about women drivers and another checked the lottery numbers each morning.

b) They checked, sent and received messages from the office computers about their personal business instead of concentrating on their work.

c) He could open a window on a computer screen and see the senders, recipients and subject headings of each message because of the newly installed software.

d) Some explained that there was oversize of email, some discouraged their workers from using their systems for personal activities while others said that if workers' message did not hurt others they did not have to control them.

e) They should not use personal emails and involve in their personal activities during office hours.

2 Answer five of the following questions.

(a) What were the circumstances which made the old man kill the boy? (Purgatory)

Ans: The old man wanted to stop all the polluting activities which prevented his mother's soul from going to heaven. Thus he killed the boy.

The old man wanted to get released from the spirit that kept on hunting him i.e. his mothers' soul from purgatory. And he wanted to give a release to it as well. The man believed that so long as the transgression done by his mother continues in the earth, his mother's soul was not released from purgatory. And he wanted to give a release to it as well. The man believed that so long as the transgression done by his mother continued in the earth, his mother's soul would hang on purgatory. Therefore, in order to stop this he wanted to kill the boy once and for all. Moreover, the old man knew that the boy was the outcome of his illicit relationship with the tinker's daughter. On the other hand, the boy wanted to kill him as he had done same to his father. Therefore, the crime committed by the father was going to be repeated in an endless chain of violence by their sons. Thus, the mother's soul would always be in purgatory and to perform certain rituals' the old man killed the boy, however his mother's soul didn't get released because he himself was alive.

(b) How did the witch tempt the children in the ginger bread house? What had she planned at last? (Hansel and Gretel)

Ans: The witch tempted the children in the ginger bread house by making chocolate house and putting cake around it. Her main plan was to attract them to the house and kill and eat them at last.

Ans: Lydia Pinkham offered her customers more than her products. She supplied many practical suggestions about diet, exercise, hygiene etc and brought a great change in the social and economic conditions of many women of her era. The later women capitalists adopted Pinkham's business methods for their own enterprises. Arden gave advice on nutrition and exercise. Grossinger managed to remain the willing Jewish grandmother in the eyes of her customers. Helena and Elizabeth also took advantage of their images as women to promote their business of cosmetics".

(d) What is the significance of the repetition of the words, "have trod…" in the poem? (God's grandeur)

Ans: There is the repetition of the words, "have trod . . ." in the poem "God's Grandeur." In the simple form the meaning of trod is to trample upon or step but in the deep meaning the meaning of the word is 'forgotten' or 'neglected'. The god has made the world for all creatures. We are able to live and do all the activities because of the god but the people in the modern world have forgotten the contribution of god and they have been thinking that the world is natural and there is nothing to be done by the god. Therefore, the poet is worried about the degrading condition of the spiritualism and growing materialism.

(e) Describe the landlord of the Mountain sheep. How did he welcome the members of the outing? (A story)

Ans: The landlord of the mountain ship is very happy when the group of people go to his inn. He knows that the boy's uncle and his friends always go there and spend a lot of money. He can get a lot of profit from them. He considers them as the victim because he can make them fool by extra charges in his bill because they are drunk. He welcomes them by tempting and using polite words. The writer compares him as wolf, the predator and them as sheep.

(f) Describe the circumstances which compelled Alyohin, the narrator of the story, quit the position of the judge? (About love)

Ans: Alyohin was balancing the life in the village and town. In the village, he was doing the work of his father in order to pay his debt and in the town he used to participate in the assizes of the peace and the sessions of the circuit court. He was elected as an honorary justice during his study. From the money he earned from there, he supported his family expenses. However, as he frequently came to the town and visited Anna there was something twist in his life. In the beginning he was enjoying with her company but later he was very disappointed because what he expected he found different. He really liked her but could not cross the social bars. Thus, he did not show interest in his job and he abandoned going to the city after Anna was sent to Crimea for treatment.

3. Answer any one of the following question.

(a) How does Moti Niassani picture the condition of the environment in the essay, Two Long term Problems? What are the causes of environmental degradation? (Two long term problems…)

Ans: The essay 'Two long-Term problems, Too Many people and Too Few Trees' is written by modern American essayist, Moti Nissani. In the given essay he provides causes, consequences and cures of two problems existing in the wand.

In the past, there used to be balance between birth rate and death rate, as a result the wand's population was not so high. A few hundred years ago, however the situation began to change, especially in the industrialized world. With advances in nutrition -kf]ifs tŒj_, sanitation -;/;kmfO{_ and health, people live longer and more of them reach reproductive age. Hence, -To;}n]_ for the first time in our species' existence, the balance between the number of deaths and birth has been greatly disturbed. Due to
-To;}n] ubf{_ this world population has been rapidly going up every year, the wand's population grows more than 80 million people .

Because of the overpopulation the deforestation rate is increasing inviting so many problems like natural disasters
-k|fs[lts k|s]fkx¿_, greenhouse effect, ozone Layer Depletion and soon. The ever increasing population in the limited amount of land has forced people to move towards the jungle for their daily needs like food, Housing and cloths. Due to this, the world has lost its balance between human beings and natural resources. As a matter of fact, population is increasing frighteningly whereas the natural resources are going empty day by day. Rapidly growing population leads (takes) to almost all the environmental problems. People are rapidly encroaching -cltqmd0f ug'{_ the jungle to grow or cultivate the food grains for their daily survival. Along with the deforestation we are facing so many problems such as pollution, acid rain, the loss of rare species of the environment, imbalance in ecosystem and so on. Other problems like soil erosion -e'Ifo_, land-slide -klx/f]_, flooding -jf9L_, attack of diseases like cholera -x}hf_, cataract -df]lt ljGb'_, cancer heart-attack and so many others.

(b) Describe Mrs. Mooney. How did she solve the problems of Miss Polly, her daughter and Mr. Doran?

Ans: Mrs. Mooney, one of the main characters of the story, was a butcher’s daughter. She was very much confident and independent woman. She was married to her father’s foreman (helper). After marriage she started a butcher’s shop which she ran successfully. But her husband was very stupid and drunkard. He drank all the time and finished most of the property. Mrs. Mooney, separated from her husband, a butcher (s;fO{) who descended into alcoholism, runs a boarding house for working men. Her daughter Polly entertains the boarders by singing and flirts with them. Mrs. Mooney learns that her daughter is having an affair with Mr. Doran; a man in his mid-thirties who has worked in a Catholic wine-merchant’s office for many years. Mrs. Mooney bides her time before she intervenes; strongly implying that she is deliberately trying to trap Mr. Doran. After much background, the climax of the story commences on a warm Sunday morning. Mrs. Mooney intends to talk to Mr. Doran and demand that he marries Polly or risk open disclosure. The narration then shifts to Doran’s point-of-view as he nervously contemplates losing his job due to the affair and bemoans the girl’s lower class background and vulgarities of speech. After Polly enters in an agitated state, we learn through Doran’s memories that she initiated the relationship. After Doran leaves the room, Polly seems content, suggesting that she was putting on a show of anguish for his sake. Thus, she looked at the situation in proper time and managed well to their relation. If she had not intervened in time, Mr. Doran would have left Poly Mooney.

4. Rewrite these sentences adding an appropriate non- defining relative clauses.

(a) My sister couldn't wait to get back to college…………

(b) The NTC managed to repair the telephone…………..

(d) I found the check………..in my bag.

(e) We were all very grateful to our college………..

Ans:

a) My sister couldn't wait to get back to college, where she had studied.

b) The NTC managed to repair the telephone, which was damaged last week.

c) The coach, who has been training students for long time, is polite.

d) I found the check, which was missing, in my bag.

e) We were all very grateful to our college, which provided us scholarship.

5. For each of the following situations make sentences with I wish/ If only, using:

(i) It would, or (ii) cold, or (iii) simple past tense.

(a) It is cold here.

(b) You are jobless.

(d) You are staying in a rented house.

(e) You are ill in bed.

Ans:

a) I wish my friend would give me a sweater.

b) I wish I could get a job.

c) I wish there was a cycle repairing shop.

d) I wish the landlord would paint my room.

e) I wish I was healthy.

6. For each of the situations below:

i. Ask a question with long…..?

ii. Answer it using the words in brackets (use until/for, in/by whichever is appropriate)

a. We waited at the bus stop. (30 minutes)

b. My friend wrote all his letters. (lunch time)

c. The helper had to change the wheel. (five minutes)

Ans:

a) i. how long did you wait at the bust stop (for)?

ii. We waited at the bust stop for 30 minutes.

b) i. How long did it take you to write all your letters?

ii. I wrote all letters by lunch time.

c) i. How long did you have to change the wheel?

ii. We changed the wheel in five minutes.

Report the following remarks, beginning

He told me…..

(a) The children are playing well.

(b) I repair my bike.

(d) You have not done all your assignments.

(e) I was not invited to the party.

Ans:

a) He told me the children were playing.

b) He told me he repaired his bike.

c) He told me the workers looked as if they had not eaten for weeks.

d) He told me I had not done all my assignments.

e) He told me he had not been invited to the party.

8. Change the following remarks using supposed to;

(a) People say more than thirty million Americans were killed in 1915 and 1916.

(b) They say King Cobra is most dangerous.

(d) I hear that sneezing is the sign of evil.

Ans:

a) More than thirty million Americans are supposed to have been killed in 1915 and 1916.

b) King Cobra is supposed to be most dangerous.

c) Elephants are supposed to have a good memory.

d) Sneezing is supposed to be the sign of evil.

9. Change the sentences below, using:

(I) As soon as + Past + Past simple

(II) As soon as + Past perfect + Past simple

(a) I broke the vase and burst into tears.

(b) The prime minister was elected and his supporters cheered.

(d) The teacher went into the classroom and started teaching.

(e) The Principal entered the hall and started counselling the students.

Ans:

a) As soon as I broke the vase, I burst into tears.

b) As soon as the prime minister had been elected, his supporters cheered.

c) As soon as the thief opened the window, the bell rang.

d) As soon as the teacher had gone into the classroom, he/she started teaching.

e) As soon as the principal entered the hall, he started counselling the students.

10. Write a paragraph expressing your reaction to street protests organized frequently by the political parties and other associations. (About 120 words)

Ans: Street protests have become frequent in the present time in Nepal by the political parties. The political parties are being formed almost every day. They want to make themselves highlight to be recognized in the country. They do not have their own definite programs to win the heart of people and change the face of the country. They want to protest and earn money from different business people. As they do not get other opportunities in other sectors, they have made their place in politics. Because of their activities, the normal life of common people has been badly affected. The workers who get everyday wage by working in someone's, can't get money and they are doomed to hunger and lack of other facilities. Therefore, the common people should be aware of it and they should fight against those people who snatch the basic rights of common people.

11. Write an essay on "My country Nepal" focusing on its major natural resources. You may choose rivers, wildlife or natural beauty.

Ans: Nepal is a Sovereign nation situated in South Asia, Sandwiched by two very big nations India and China. It is a country of wonder despite the fact it is very small in size; it covers only 0.003% of the world. Being so very small in size, it covers a wide range of verifies in terms of ethnicity, culture, language, fashion, atmosphere, landscape, animals, birds and many more. It is also the birth place of Lord Buddha, Lumbini and the highest peak of the world Mt. Everest along with other many snowy mountains for which the country is famous for.

Indeed, Nepal is a country full of natural beauties, it consist of various things that are found in different parts of the world like snowy mountain, green hills, plain fertile lands covered with yellowish paddy -kx]nf wfgsf afnf_ and white wheat along with the people, plants, animals, birds, waterfalls, and rivers in accordance to the different altitude and atmosphere. They all bear entirely distinct feature one from another. It looks like a mosaic that is displayed in a small canvas as if it is waiting for the people from all over the world to come and see. It adds more beauty when tourist from different parts of the world really venture and experience them.

Besides, the people that have been residing in different altitude and atmosphere carry out completely distinct look, attitude, fashion, culture, language along with custom and hospitality -cfltYo ;Tsf/_ that they work as an instrument to wonder and please the guest that they take part in. Likewise, other various program like culture shows, foods, feasts and festivals with other tourist programs like Trekking, Hiking, White Water Rafting, Jungle Safari -h+un ofqf_, Bunjy Jumping, Paragliding, Sight-seeing -b[Zo cjnf]sg_ and Mountaineering expedition -lxdfn r9\g] cleofg_ are offered, which puts the participants in the moment of bliss and forget all the worldly phenomenon, because of which more than five hundred thousand people from all over the world visit Nepal annually take part in various activities that are offered.

12. Write a letter to your friend abroad giving him/her a brief description of some destinations which have made Nepal truly incredible.

Mareng -8, Arghakhanchi

Dear Friend

20 August 2015

Thank you for your letter. I am extremely delighted to hear that you are interested to know about different destinations which have made our country really unique in the world. Some of the destinations are as follows:

Tilicho Tal is one of the highest lakes in the world at an altitude of almost 5,000 meters located in the Annapurna range of the Himalayas in Manang district of Nepal. Anyone attempting to do the Annapurna Circuit route usually cross these watersheds between Manang and Kali Gandaki valleys above the 5,000 meters high Thorong La pass. Various lodges have been built between Manang and the Lake, but there aren’t any accommodation sites or even teahouses past the Tilicho Base Camp lodge.

Rara taal is the biggest lake situated within the borders of Nepal, which lies at an altitude of 2,990 m above sea level and covers an area of 10.8 square kilometers. The lake is surrounded by Rara National Park on all sides, the park was established in 1976 to preserve the beauty of the lake and protect the unique floral and faunal importance of the rare and vulnerable species found around the lake. The trek to Rara has been a popular destination for many trekkers, with a very rough route in the western part of Nepal.

Panch Pokhari is Nepali for ‘five lakes’ at the base of Jungal Himal, which are considered to be holy and of religious importance. The trek to Panch Pokhari is a 12 days trek to these five holy lakes through untouched traditional villages in the presence of spectacular Himalayan landscapes. The trek offers pristine mountain views, rich culture and genuine adventure combined with unsurpassed scenic beauty and biological diversity as you make your way to a group of high altitude lakes, sacred to both Buddhist and Hindu people.

This was the very first National Park established in Nepal in the year 1973 and was granted the status of a World Heritage Site in 1984. Formerly called the Royal Chitwan National Park, it was renamed to only Chitwan National Park after the dismissal of the royal family. The park covers an area of 932 square kilometers and is located in the subtropical Inner Terai lowlands of south-central Nepal in the district of Chitwan.

Besides these destinations, there are other numerous places which are so beautiful that you cannot remove your eyes from the places. These places make you feel like heaven. Through this letter, I would like to request you to tell others about these places and ask them to visit. As soon as you have time, please visit our country.

Yours

Sparsha Marasini

13. Write a newspaper article on 'The Role of Politicians in Building the Future of the country'.

The Role of Politicians in Building the Future of the country

By Shubechha Marasini

Kathmandu, Nepal

20 August

The politicians are said to be the leaders of a country. The politicians draw the map of country and make the future plan. If we see the history of the world, we can find that most of the important events take place because of the politicians. They can develop the nations, they improve the administrations, and they provide facilities to the people. Above all, they make the rules and regulations of a country and they help the government to enforce them equally. However, in the modern world, especially in the third world countries, the politicians have gone astray from their path and they have disrupted the rules and regulations and the impunity has increased because of them.

They can formulate the good rules in a country. They can show their role models in the nations so that others can follow them easily. If they provide appropriate path to other people, they follow it and it can be trail for future generations. For example, B. P. Koirala opened the new political party Nepal Congress and made his authentic way to fight against Rana regime. Because of him, it was possible to overthrow the tyrants of our country. There are many political leaders like Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr. and the like who have changed their respective countries and have be the examples to the world.

However, nowadays, many political parties are not doing for nation buildings but they are creating havoc in the country. Their purpose has been limited to the ascending to the post and throne rather than doing something for the nations. It is said that they are legal violators of rules. If anyone commits crime, the political leaders save them. They are creating more problems than making rules and systems.

There should be good, unselfish and educated people in politics. They should not be influenced by any material greediness. They should be convinced that they should mainly focus on nations and the people rather than their personal lives. They should do first good things in order to drive people to the right path.

In conclusion, politicians are pillars of the nation. In their absence, it is impossible to think of the future of a nation. They are the pathfinders of a nation following them other people also do for the nations. They should not involve in the personal selfishness but they should dedicate themselves for the welfare of the nation to ensure the bright future of country.

The End

Class 12 English Notes and Solutions

मेरो फेसबुक पेजकाे लागी यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस

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